Editing Wicki-Hayden note layout

[[File:Wicki-Hayden_Musical_Note_Layout.png|400px|thumb|right|Some notes of the major scale are stacked vertically on top of the other notes, putting them closer together.]]

In [[music]], the '''Wicki-Hayden note layout''' is a [[key (music)|key]] layout for [[musical instrument]]s that offers some advantages over the traditional [[keyboard layout]].

==History==

The Wicki-Hayden (W/H) layout was initially conceived by [[Kaspar Wicki]] and patented in 1896. It was independently conceived and refined by [[Brian Hayden]], a [[concertina]] player, who patented it again a century later, in 1986. This layout is popular with concertinists (an instrument played with the hands strapped to it, resembling a small accordion), since it places all the notes of the major scale under the fingers without requiring hand movement. 

[[Jim Plamondon]] later discovered the W/H layout while searching for an optimal keyboard layout to use in the electronic musical instrument he was designing. He publicized its benefits widely through the web and through his company Thumtronics (which unfortunately was commercially unsuccessful). He hoped to use the web and "word-of-finger" contacts to reach people interested in novel music instruments. As he envisioned, novel music instrument hobbyists have become interested in the features and advantages of Wicki-Hayden instruments and have begun to make their own, at first manually, and then by adapting commercially available instruments. 

[[File:Relating_Piano_layout_to_Wicki-Hayden_page_1.png|thumb|left|Relating the Piano layout to the Wicki-Hayden]]
[[File:Relating_Piano_layout_to_Wicki-Hayden_page_2.png|thumb|right|upright=1.3  |Relating the Piano layout to the Wicki-Hayden, page 2.]]

== Relationship between the standard piano keyboard and the Wicki/Hayden system ==

The traditional keyboard has 7 white notes (CDEFGAB) that repeat with each octave.  These can be grouped into the first 3 notes (CDE) and the following 4 notes (FGAB). The critical change is to stack the 4 white notes (FGAB) just above the 3 notes (CDE), as shown in the diagrams to the right and left.  This seemingly minor change in placement has surprising and profound consequences in the resulting note layout.  

=== Problems Avoided by the Wicki/Hayden system ===

In western music’s all-important [[major scale]], the important notes are the white notes on a piano. However, their linear layout presents ergonomic challenges: 
<ul>
<li>Notes are far apart and therefore slow to play, as the hands have to move a considerable distance.
<li>The intervals between neighboring white keys are irregular: sometimes a whole step (C-D) and at others a half step (E-F).
<li>The combination of white and black keys and the pitch to key distance and vector is irregular.
<li>New players must watch the keyboard, instead of reading the score.
<li>The keys that sound worst when played together are right next to each other, increasing the chance of mistakes.
</ol> 


The W/H layout avoids these problems: 
<ul>
<li>Commonly played notes that are separated by as much as 12cm on the piano, are grouped much closer together.
<li>The uniform isomorphic layout makes fingering patterns consistent, so only one fingering must be learned, instead of twelve for each hand as on the piano.
<li>The normally troublesome black keys move out of the way and are split into two groups: a "sharp" and a "flat" section. 
<li>Instead of mistakes sounding bad, they sound consonant, allowing for easy jamming.
</ul>
To summarize, the Wicki/Hayden layout moves the keys to where they are more reachable, useful and less prone to mistakes.

[[File:Harmonics_jammer-like_scale_plus_dissonances.png|thumb|An advanced diagram, showing what is impractical to show on a traditional keyboard: the ''dissonance areas'' around the harmonics.]]

[[File:ThumChords.png|thumb|thumb|left|Some of the chords playable]]

Some studies and the consonance/dissonance diagram to the right indicate there may be strong parallels to the way the brain hears music. <ref>{{cite journal
 | first = G.
 | last = Paine
 | coauthors = Stevenson, I., Pearce, A.
 | year = 2007
 | title = '''The Thummer Mapping Project (ThuMP)'''
 | journal = Proceedings of the 7th international conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME07)
 | pages = 70–77
 | url = http://www.activatedspace.com/Papers/PaineThuMP.pdf
 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 | first = T.
 | last = Bergstrom
 | coauthors = Karahalios, K., Hart, J. C.
 | year = 2007
 | title = Isochords: visualizing structure in music
 | journal = Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2007
 }}</ref>

==Software==
# [http://www.wicki.org.uk Wicki.org.uk]: site with Java, Flash, and PC applications enables children and non-musicians, to play their PC keyboard as a Wicki/Hayden instrument, with three octaves of 12 equal-tempered pitches.

==Instruments using the Wicki/Hayden layout==
# Hayden Duet System Concertinas, see [http://www.concertina.net/kc_hayden.html The Hayden duet system concertina - Resource List]
# Electronic MIDI instruments that use this layout have been called [[jammer_keyboard | jammers]], since they are excellent for jamming with other musicians. Hand-made jammer makers are to be found at [http://diykeyboard.org/ DIYKeyboard] and [http://musicscienceguy.vox.com/ MusicScienceGuy ].

== Color schemes ==
These are some possible color schemes that can be used with the Wicki/Hayden layout:
<gallery perrow=3 widths=197px heights=133px>
File:Wicki-Hayden_Piano_Color.png|Traditional Piano Keyboard (7-5) Color Scheme
File:Wicki-Hayden_Piano_WholeTone_Color.png|Strong Piano (7-5) and Subtle Whole Tone Scale (6-6) Color Scheme
File:Wicki-Hayden-Minor3rdsColor.png|Minor Thirds Color Scheme (4-4-4)
File:Wicki-Hayden-WholeTone-Color.png|Whole Tone Scale (6-6) Color Scheme
File:Wicki-Hayden-WholeTone-Piano-Color.png|Strong Whole Tone Scale (6-6) and Subtle Piano (7-5) Color Scheme
File:Wicki-Hayden_Major_3rds_Color.png|Major Thirds Color Scheme (3-3-3-3)
</gallery>


The color schemes above divide the 12 basic notes of the chromatic scale into groups in different ways:

* Piano (7-5): two asymmetrical groups of 7 (white keys) and 5 (black keys)

* Whole Tone Scale (6-6): two symmetrical groups of notes a major second apart (6 notes per group)

* Minor Thirds (4-4-4): three symmetrical groups of notes a minor third apart (4 notes per group)

* Major Thirds (3-3-3-3): four symmetrical groups of notes a major third apart (3 notes per group)

(Note that the whole tone scale (6-6) color scheme by itself is not very practical for the Wicki-Hayden layout since this pattern is already the basis for the physical layout of the keys -- each row is a whole tone scale. It is more useful when combined with the piano (7-5) color scheme, particularly for better orientation along the vertical axis.)

== See also ==
# [[Janko keyboard|The Janko Keyboard]] uses a similar whole-tone-scale (6-6) based layout
# [[Peter Davies|Peter Davies: inventor of the Sonome and other new musical instruments]]
# [[Melodic table note layout|The Melodic/Harmonic table note-layout explained]]
# [[Isomorphic keyboard|Isomorphic keyboards]]
# [[Generalized keyboard|The Generalized keyboard]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.wicki.org.uk Wicki.org.uk], UK site containing  Java/Flash applications to enable users to play their alpha-numeric keyboard to sound 12 equal tempered pitches using Wicki/Hayden layout.
*[http://www.concertina.net concertina.net]

[[Category:Musical instruments]]
[[Category:Music theory]]