Editing Seven deadly sins

[[File:Tableau_de_mission_-François-Marie_Balanant_tableau_1-.jpg|thumb|Seven deadly sins]]
The '''Seven Deadly Sins''', also known as the '''Capital Vices''' or '''Cardinal Sins''', is a classification of the most serious vices which has been used since early [[Catholicism|Catholic]] times to educate and instruct followers concerning humanity's tendency to [[sin]]. The final version of the list consists of [[wrath]], [[greed]], [[sloth (deadly sin)|sloth]], [[pride]], [[lust]], [[envy]], and [[gluttony]].  In Latin these are ''ira, avaritia, acedia, superbia, luxuria, invidia, and gula''.

Seven deadly sins in English and Latin:
#Wrath (''Ira'')
#Greed (''Avaritia'')
#Sloth (''Acedia'')
#Pride (''Superbia'')
#Lust (''Luxuria'')
#Envy (''Invidia'')
#Gluttony (''Gula'')

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:300px; height:200px;"
|+ Seven Deadly Sins
|-
! Number
! Sin
! Latin
! Demon
! Virtue
|-
| 1 || Wrath || Ira || Satan || Patience
|-
| 2 || Greed || Avaritia || Mammon || Charity
|-
| 3 || Sloth || Acedia || Belphegor || Diligence
|-
| 4 || Pride || Superbia || Lucifer || Humility
|-
| 5 || Lust || Luxuria || Asmodeus || Chastity
|-
| 6 || Envy || Invidia || Leviathan || Kindness
|-
| 7 || Gluttony || Gula || Beelzebub || Temperance
|}

The Catholic Church divided sin into two principal categories: "[[Venial sin]]s", which are relatively minor, and could be forgiven through any [[Sacramentals]] or [[Sacraments]] of the church, and the more severe "Capital" or [[Mortal sin]]s. Mortal sins destroyed the life of [[divine grace|grace]], and created the threat of eternal damnation unless either absolved through the sacrament of Confession, or forgiven through perfect [[contrition]] on the part of the penitent. 

Beginning in the early 14th century, the popularity of the seven deadly sins as a theme among European artists of the time eventually helped to ingrain them in many areas of Catholic culture and Catholic consciousness in general throughout the world. One means of such ingraining was the creation of the mnemonic "SALIGIA" based on the first letters in Latin of the seven deadly sins: ''superbia'', ''avaritia'', ''luxuria'', ''invidia'', ''gula'', ''ira'', ''acedia''.<ref>{{cite book
  | last       = Boyle
  | first      = Marjorie O'Rourke
  | title      = Loyola's Acts: The Rhetoric of the Self
  | origdate   = 1997-10-23
  | url        = http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft2t1nb1rw/
  | series     = ''The New Historicism: Studies in Cultural Poetics,''
  | volume     = 36
  | publisher  = [[University of California Press]]
  | location   = Berkeley
  | isbn       = 978-0-520-20937-4
  | pages      = 100&ndash;146
  | chapter    = Three: The Flying Serpent
  | year       = 1997 }}</ref>

===Biblical Lists===
In the [[Book of Proverbs]], it is stated that "the Lord" specifically regards "six things the Lord hateth, and the seventh His soul detesteth." namely:<ref>{{bibleverse||Proverbs|6:16–19|}}</ref>
* Haughty eyes
* A lying tongue
* Hands that shed innocent blood
* A heart that devises wicked plots
* Feet that are swift to run into mischief
* A deceitful witness that uttereth lies
* Him that soweth discord among brethren

While there are seven of them, this list is considerably different from the traditional one, the only sin on both lists being pride. Another list of bad things, given this time by the [[Epistle to the Galatians]], includes more of the traditional seven sins, although the list is substantially longer: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, variance, emulations, wrath, strife, seditions, heresies, envyings, murders, drunkenness, revellings, "and such like".<ref>{{bibleverse||Galatians||5:19-21|}}</ref>

===Development of the Traditional Seven Sins===

The modern concept of the Seven Deadly Sins is linked to the works of the 4th century [[monk]] [[Evagrius Ponticus]], who listed eight ''evil thoughts'' in [[Greek language|Greek]] as follows:<ref name="Evagrio Pontico,''Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi'', trans. Felice Comello, Pratiche Editrice, Parma, 1990, p.11-12.">Evagrio Pontico,''Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi'', trans., Felice Comello, Pratiche Editrice, Parma, 1990, p.11-12.</ref> 

*Γαστριμαργία (gastrimargia)
*Πορνεία (porneia)
*Φιλαργυρία (philargyria)
*Λύπη (lype)
*Ὁργῆ (orge)
*Ἀκηδία (akedia)
*Κενοδοξία (kenodoxia)
*Ὺπερηφανία (hyperephania)

They were translated into [[Latin]], as follows:<ref name="Refoule, 1967">Refoule, 1967</ref> 
*Gula ([[gluttony]])
*Fornicatio (fornication, [[lust]])
*Avaritia (avarice/[[greed]])
*Tristitia (sorrow/[[despair]])
*Ira ([[wrath]])
*Acedia ([[acedia]])
*Vanagloria ([[vainglory]])
*Superbia ([[Pride]])

These 'evil thoughts' can be broken down into three groups:<ref name="Refoule, 1967"/>
*lustful appetite (Gluttony, Fornication, and Avarice)
*irascibility (Anger)
*intellect (Vainglory, Sorrow, Pride, and Discouragement)

In AD 590, some years after Evagrius, [[Pope Gregory I]] revised this list to form the more common ''Seven Deadly Sins'', by folding ''sorrow/despair'' into ''acedia'', ''vainglory'' into ''pride'', and adding ''[[extravagance]]'' and ''[[envy]]'', while removing ''fornication'' from the list. In the order used by both Pope Gregory and by [[Dante Alighieri]] in his epic poem ''[[The Divine Comedy]]'', the seven deadly sins are as follows:
#'''''luxuria''''' (extravagance)
#'''''gula''''' (gluttony)
#'''''avaritia''''' (avarice/greed)
#'''''acedia''''' (acedia/discouragement)
#'''''ira''''' (wrath)
#'''''invidia''''' (envy)
#'''''superbia''''' (pride)

The identification and definition of the seven deadly sins over their history has been a fluid process and the idea of what each of the seven actually encompasses has evolved over time. Additionally, as a result of [[semantic change]]:
*[[Lust]] was substituted for ''luxuria'' in all but name
*''socordia'' ([[sloth (deadly sin)|sloth]]) was substituted for ''acedia''

It is this revised list that Dante uses. (However, the extravagant are not off the hook -- Dante has the wasteful punished in the fourth circle of hell). The process of [[semantic change]] has been aided by the fact that the personality traits are not collectively referred to, in either a cohesive or codified manner, by the Bible itself; other literary and ecclesiastical works were instead consulted, as sources from which definitions might be drawn. Part II of Dante's ''Divine Comedy'', ''[[Purgatorio]]'', has almost certainly been the best known source since the [[Renaissance]].

The modern Roman Catholic Catechism lists the sins as: "''pride, avarice, envy, wrath, lust, gluttony, and sloth/acedia''".<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p3s1c1a8.htm#V '' Catechism of the Catholic Church'']</ref> Each of the seven deadly sins now also has an opposite among corresponding [[seven virtues|seven holy virtues]] (sometimes also referred to as the ''contrary virtues'').  In parallel order to the sins they oppose, the seven holy virtues are [[humility]], [[charity (virtue)|charity]], [[kindness]], [[patience]], [[chastity]], [[temperance (virtue)|temperance]], and [[diligence]].

==The sins==
===Extravagance===
{{Main|Extravagance}}
'''Extravagance''' (Latin, ''luxuria'') is [[restraint|unrestrained]] [[excess]]. Extravagant behaviour includes the frequent purchase of [[luxury goods]], and forms of [[debauchery]].

In the [[Romance languages]], the [[cognate]]s of ''luxuria'' (the Latin name of the sin) [[semantic change|evolved]] to have an exclusively sexual meaning; the [[Old French]] cognate was [[loan word|adopted]] into English as ''luxury'', but this lost its sexual meaning by the 14th century.<ref>''[[Oxford English dictionary]]''</ref>

===Lust===
{{Main|Lust}}
'''Lust''' or '''lechery'''is usually thought of as excessive thoughts or desires of a [[Human sexuality|sexual]] nature. Aristotle's criterion was ''excessive love of others'', which therefore rendered love and devotion to God as secondary. In Dante's ''[[Purgatorio]]'', the penitent walks within flames to purge himself of lustful/sexual thoughts and feelings. In Dante's "Inferno" unforgiven souls of the sin of lust are blown about in restless hurricane like winds symbolic of their own lack of self control to their lustful passions in earthly life.

===Gluttony===
{{Main|Gluttony}}
[[Image:Albert Anker - Stillleben - Unmässigkeit.jpg|thumb|"Excess"<br /><small>([[Albert Anker]], 1896)</small>]]
Derived from the Latin ''gluttire'', meaning to gulp down or swallow, '''gluttony''' (Latin, ''gula'') is the over-indulgence and [[over-consumption]] of anything to the point of waste. In the Christian religions, it is considered a sin because of the excessive desire for food, or its withholding from the needy.<ref name="Okholm 2000">Okholm, Dennis. [http://www.ctlibrarix.com/ct/2000/september4/3.62.html "Rx for Gluttony"]. ''[[Christianity Today]]'', Vol. 44, No. 10, September 11, 2000, p.62</ref>

Depending on the culture, it can be seen as either a vice or a sign of status. Where food is relatively scarce, being able to eat well might be something to take pride in. But in an area where food is routinely plentiful, it may be considered a sign of self-control to resist the temptation to over-indulge.

Medieval church leaders (e.g., [[Thomas Aquinas]]) took a more expansive view of gluttony,<ref name="Okholm 2000"/> arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals, and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06590a.htm|title=Gluttony|work=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]}}</ref>  Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of six ways to commit gluttony, including:

*''Praepropere'' - eating too soon.
*''Laute'' - eating too expensively.
*''Nimis'' - eating too much.
*''Ardenter'' - eating too eagerly (burningly).
*''Studiose'' - eating too daintily (keenly).
*''Forente'' - eating wildly (boringly).

===Greed===
{{Main|Greed}}
'''Greed''' (Latin, ''avaritia''), also known as '''avarice''' or '''covetousness''', is, like lust and gluttony, a sin of excess.  However, greed (as seen by the church) is applied to a very excessive or rapacious desire and pursuit of [[wealth]], [[Social status|status]], and [[power]]. St. Thomas Aquinas wrote that greed was "a sin against God, just as all mortal sins, in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things."  In Dante's Purgatory, the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated too much on earthly thoughts.  "Avarice" is more of a blanket term that can describe many other examples of greedy behavior. These include disloyalty, deliberate [[betrayal]], or [[treason]], especially for personal gain, for example through [[bribery]]. [[Scavenge|Scavenging]] and [[hoard]]ing of materials or objects, [[theft]] and [[robbery]], especially by means of [[violence]], [[trickery]], or [[psychological manipulation|manipulation]] of [[authority]] are all actions that may be inspired by greed. Such misdeeds can include [[simony]], where one profits from soliciting goods within the actual confines of a church.

===Acedia===
{{Main|Acedia}}
'''Acedia''' (Latin, ''acedia'') (from Greek ακηδία) is the neglect to take care of something - and in this case neglect to do whatever one should do in order to be saved. It is translated to [[apathy|apathetic]] listlessness; depression without joy. It is similar to [[melancholy]], although ''acedia'' describes the behaviour, while ''melancholy'' suggests the emotion producing it. In early Christian thought, the lack of joy was regarded as a wilful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God and the world God created; by contrast, the apathy was regarded as a spiritual affliction that discouraged people from their religious work. 

When [[Thomas Aquinas]] described ''acedia'' in his interpretation of the list, he described it as an ''uneasiness of the mind'', being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability. Dante refined this definition further, describing acedia as the ''failure to love God with all one's heart, all one's mind and all one's soul''; to him it was the ''middle sin'', the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love.

===Despair===
{{Main|Despair}}
'''Despair''' (Latin, ''Tristitia'') describes a feeling of dissatisfaction or discontent, which causes unhappiness with one's current situation, especially involving thoughts of hopelessness. Since unhappiness inherently results from the sin, the sin was sometimes referred to as '''sadness'''. Since sadness often results in acedia, Pope Gregory's revision of the list subsumed ''Despair'' into ''Acedia''.

===Sloth===
{{Main|Sloth (deadly sin)}}

Gradually, the focus came to be on the consequences of acedia, rather than the cause, and so, by the 17th century, the exact ''deadly sin'' referred to was believed to be the failure to utilize one's talents and gifts. {{Citation needed|date=May 2009}} In practice, it came to be closer to '''sloth''' (Latin, ''Socordia'') than acedia. Even in Dante's time there were signs of this change; in his ''Purgatorio'' he had portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed. 

The modern view goes further, regarding laziness and indifference as the ''sin'' at the heart of the matter. Since this contrasts with a more willful failure to, for example, love God and his works, sloth is often seen as being considerably less serious than the other sins, more a sin of omission than of commission.

===Wrath===  	 
{{Main|Wrath}}
'''Wrath''' (Latin, ''ira''), also known as '''anger''' or "rage", may be described as inordinate and uncontrolled feelings of hatred and anger. These feelings can manifest as vehement [[denial]] of the [[truth]], both to others and in the form of [[self-denial]], [[impatience]] with the procedure of law, and the desire to seek revenge outside of the workings of the justice system (such as engaging in [[vigilante|vigilantism]]) and generally wishing to do evil or harm to others.  The transgressions born of vengeance are among the most serious, including [[murder]], [[assault]], and in extreme cases, [[genocide]]. Wrath is the only sin not necessarily associated with selfishness or self-interest (although one can of course be wrathful for selfish reasons, such as jealousy, closely related to the sin of envy).  Dante described vengeance as "love of [[justice]] perverted to [[revenge]] and [[spite (sentiment)|spite]]". In its original form, the sin of wrath also encompassed anger pointed internally rather than externally.  Thus [[suicide]] was deemed as the ultimate, albeit tragic, expression of wrath directed inwardly, a final rejection of God's gifts.

===Envy===
{{Main|Envy}}
Like greed, '''Envy''' (Latin, ''invidia'') may be characterized by an insatiable desire; they differ, however, for two main reasons. First, greed is largely associated with material goods, where as envy may apply more generally. Second, those who commit the sin of envy resent that another person has something they perceive themselves as lacking, and wish the other person to be deprived of it. Dante defined this as a desire to deprive other men of theirs." In Dante's Purgatory, the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they have gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low. Aquinas described envy as "sorrow for another's good".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/chr/aquinas/summa/sum291.htm |title=Summa Theologica: Treatise on The Theological Virtues (QQ[1&#93; - 46): Question. 36 - OF ENVY (FOUR ARTICLES) |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |date= |accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref>

===Pride===
{{Main|Pride}}
In almost every list '''Pride''' (Latin, ''superbia''), or '''hubris''', is considered the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins, and indeed the ultimate source from which the others arise. It is identified as a desire to be more important or attractive than others, failing to acknowledge the good work of others, and excessive love of self (especially holding self out of proper position toward God). Dante's definition was "love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one's neighbor." In Jacob Bidermann's [[medieval]] [[miracle play]], ''[[Cenodoxus]]'', pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor. In perhaps the best-known example, the story of [[Lucifer]], pride (his desire to compete with God) was what caused his fall from Heaven, and his resultant transformation into [[Satan]]. In Dante's ''Divine Comedy'', the penitents were forced to walk with stone slabs bearing down on their backs in order to induce feelings of humility.

===Vainglory===
{{Main|Vainglory}}
'''Vainglory''' (Latin, ''vanagloria'') is unjustified boasting. Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride, so he folded ''vainglory'' into pride for his listing of sins.

The Latin term ''gloria'' roughly means ''boasting'', although its English cognate - ''glory'' - has come to have an exclusively positive meaning; historically, ''vain'' roughly meant ''futile'', but by the 14th century had come to have the strong [[narcissism|narcissistic]] undertones, of irrelevant accuracy, that it retains today.<ref>''Oxford English dictionary''</ref> As a result of these semantic changes, ''vainglory'' has become a rarely used word in itself, and is now commonly interpreted as referring to ''vanity'' (in its modern narcissistic sense).

==Catholic virtues==
The [[Roman Catholic Church]] also recognizes [[Seven virtues]] which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins.

{| class="sortable wikitable" cellspacing="8" 
|-
!Vice
!Virtue
|-
|[[Lust]]
|[[Chastity]]
|-
|[[Gluttony]]
|[[Temperance (virtue)|Temperance]]
|-
|[[Greed]]
|[[Charity (virtue)|Charity]]
|-
|[[Sloth (deadly sin)|Sloth]]
|[[Diligence]]
|-
|[[Wrath]]
|[[Patience]]
|-
|[[Envy]]
|[[Kindness]]
|-
|[[Pride]]
|[[Humility]]
|}

== Associations with demons ==
In 1589, [[Peter Binsfeld]] paired each of the deadly sins with a [[demon]], who tempted people by means of the associated sin. According to [[Classification of demons#Binsfeld's classification of demons|Binsfeld's classification of demons]], the pairings are as follows

*[[Lucifer]]: Pride (superbia)
*[[Mammon]]: Greed (avaritia)
*[[Asmodai|Asmodeus]]: Lust (luxuria)
*[[Leviathan]]: Envy (invidia)
*[[Beelzebub]]: Gluttony (gula or gullia)
*[[Satan]]: Wrath (ira)
*[[Belphegor]]: Sloth (acedia)

==Patterns==
According to a 2009 study by a Jesuit scholar, the most common deadly sin confessed by men is lust, and for women, pride.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7897034.stm Two sexes 'sin in different ways']</ref> It was unclear whether these differences were due to different rates of commission, or different views on what "counts" or should be confessed.<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100906920 True Confessions: Men And Women Sin Differently]</ref>

== Cultural references==
The seven deadly sins have long been a source of inspiration for writers and artists, from [[morality tale]]s of the [[Middle Ages]] to modern [[manga]] series and video games.

===Enneagram Integration===
The [[Enneagram of Personality#Deadly sins|Enneagram of Personality]] integrates the seven with two additional sins, ''deceit'' and ''fear''. The Enneagram descriptions are broader than the traditional Christian interpretation and are presented in a comprehensive map.<ref>Maitri, ''The Enneagram of Passions and Virtues'', pp.11-31</ref><ref>Rohr, ''The Enneagram''</ref>

===Literary works inspired by the seven deadly sins===
* [[John Climacus]] (7th century) in ''[[The Ladder of Divine Ascent]]'' places victory over the eight thoughts as individual steps of the thirty-step ladder: wrath (8), vainglory (10, 22), sadness (13), gluttony (14), lust (15), greed (16, 17), acedia (18), and pride (23).
* [[Dante]]'s (1265–1321) ''The Divine Comedy'' is a three-part work composed of "Inferno", "Purgatorio", and "''Paradiso''". "Inferno" divides Hell into ''nine'' concentric circles, four of which directly correspond to some of the deadly sins (Circle 2 to lust, 3 to gluttony, 4 to greed, and 5 to wrath, as well as sloth). The punishment of these two sins take place in the Stygian lake, the wrathful being punished atop the lake, attacking one another with the various members of their person, including fangs.<ref>see Inferno, Canto VII</ref> The slothful are punished underneath the lake breathing sighs in bubbles, singing a dolorous song, as told by Virgil in Canto VII.<ref>Inferno, Canto VII.120-128, translated by H.F. Cary, courtesy Project Gutenberg</ref> The remaining circles do not neatly map onto the seven sins. In "Purgatorio", Mount Purgatory is scaled in seven levels and follows the sin sequence of Aquinas (starting with pride). {{Citation needed|date=August 2009}}
* [[William Langland]]'s (c. 1332–1386) ''Vision of [[Piers Plowman]]'' is structured around a series of dreams that are critical of contemporary errors while encouraging godly living. The sins are mentioned in this order: ''proud'' (pride; Passus V, lines 62–71), ''lechour'' (lecherousness; V. 71–74), ''envye'' (envy; V. 75–132), ''wrathe'' (wrath; V. 133–185), ''coveitise'' (covetousness; V. 186–306), ''glutton'' (gluttony; V. 307–385), ''sleuthe'' (sloth; V. 386–453) (using the B-text).{{Clarify|date=April 2008}}<!--What is the B-text?--><ref>http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/c/cme/cme-idx?type=HTML&rgn=TEI.2&byte=21030211</ref>
* [[John Gower]]'s (1330-1408) ''[[Confessio Amantis]]'' centres on a confession by Amans ("the Lover") to Genius, the chaplain of the goddess Venus.  Following confessional practice of the time, the confession is structured around the seven deadly sins, though focuses on his sins against the rules of [[courtly love]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/266 |title=Confessio Amantis, or, Tales of the Seven Deadly Sins by John Gower - Project Gutenberg |publisher=Gutenberg.org |date=2008-07-03 |accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref>
* [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s (c. 1340–1400) ''[[Canterbury Tales]]'' features the seven deadly sins in ''[[The Parson's Tale]]'': pride (paragraphs 24–29), envy (30–31), wrath (32–54), sloth (55–63), greed (64–70), gluttony (71–74), lust (75–84).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Canterbury_Tales/The_Parson's_Prologue_and_Tale |title=The Canterbury Tales/The Parson's Prologue and Tale - Wikisource |publisher=En.wikisource.org |date=2008-11-01 |accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref>
* [[Christopher Marlowe]]'s (1564–1593) ''[[The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus]]'' shows [[Lucifer]], [[Beelzebub]], and [[Mephistophiles]] coming from hell to show Dr. Fastus "some pastime" (Act II, Scene 2). The sins present themselves in order: pride, greed, envy, wrath, gluttony, sloth, lust.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.03.0011&query=scene%3D%236&layout.norm=compare |title=Christopher Marlowe, The Tragedie of Doctor Faustus (B text) (ed. Hilary Binda) |publisher=Perseus.tufts.edu |date= |accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref> 
* [[Edmund Spenser]]'s (1552–1599), ''[[The Faerie Queene]]'' addresses the seven deadly sins in "Book I (The Legend of the Knight of the Red Cross, Holiness)": vanity/pride (Canto IV, stanzas 4–17), idleness/sloth (IV. 18-20), gluttony (IV. 21-23), lechery/lust (IV. 24-26), avarice/greed (IV. 27-29), envy (IV. 30-32), wrath (IV. 33-35).<ref>http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/queene1.html</ref> 
* [[Garth Nix]]'s "[[The Keys to the Kingdom]]" is a seven-book children's series in which the main nemesis of each book is afflicted by one of the seven deadly sins.
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===Art and music===
*[[Hieronymus Bosch]], ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things]]'' (1485).
*[[Kurt Weill]] and [[Bertolt Brecht]], ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins]]'' (''Die sieben Todsünden'') (1933)
*Modern artist [[Paul Cadmus]] painted a series of graphically disturbing, [[anthropomorphic]] depictions of the seven deadly sins, in the style of [[comic book]]s.  After his death, this series was willed to the [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]].
*The album ''[[Heaven and Hell (Joe Jackson)|Heaven and Hell]]'' by [[Joe Jackson (musician)|Joe Jackson]] is a modern musical interpretation of the seven deadly sins.
*The [[Tiger Lillies]]'s new album and stage show ''7 Deadly Sins'' is based on the sins being experienced by a modernized version of [[Punch and Judy]] (in itself a reworking of [[Adam and Eve]]) called "Punch and Jude".
*The album ''[[:da:Melankolia / XXX Couture|Melankolia / XXX Couture]]'' by [[Denmark|Danish]] [[rap music|rapper]] L.O.C. focuses on how the artist came into contact with each of the sins, and then how these sins have come to be culturally accepted.
*[[Kendell Geers]], "The Seven Deadly Sins" 2006: Series of 7 Ultra Violet neons exhibited at Stephen Friedman Gallery in London, [[Stedelijk Museum voor Actuele Kunst]] in Ghent Belgium, DA2 in Salamanca Spain and the 2007 [[Venice Biennial]]
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===Film, television, radio, comic books and video games===
*The film [[The Devil's Nightmare]] is about a succubus who kills a group of tourists who are each guilty of one of the seven sins.
*The original version of the film [[Bedazzled (1967 film)|Bedazzled]] (1967) ([[Bedazzled (2000 film)|remade in 2000]]) includes all seven sins; [[Raquel Welch]] as (Lillian) Lust, [[Barry Humphries]] as Envy, [[Alba]] as Vanity, [[Robert Russell]] as Anger, [[Parnell McGarry]] as Gluttony, [[Daniele Noel]] as avarice and [[Howard Goorney]] as Sloth.
*In the film ''[[Seven (film)|Se7en]]'' (1995), written by [[Andrew Kevin Walker]], directed by [[David Fincher]] and starring [[Brad Pitt]] and [[Morgan Freeman]], a mysterious [[serial killer]] punishes transgressors of each of the deadly sins through his crimes.
*''[[The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins]]'' (1971) is a British film built around a series of comedy sketches on the seven deadly sins, and referencing the classic [[Western film]] ''[[The Magnificent Seven]]''.
*In the video game ''[[Overlord (2007 video game)|Overlord]]'', the seven heroes that the protagonist must defeat are based on the seven sins.
*The Seven Deadly Sins (traditionally given as "The Seven Deadly Enemies of Man") figure prominently in the mythos of [[Fawcett Comics|Fawcett]]/[[DC Comics]] superhero [[Captain Marvel (DC Comics)|Captain Marvel]], and have appeared several times as [[supervillain]]s in recent [[DC Universe|DC Comics publications]].
*In the manga and anime ''[[Digimon]]'', the [[Seven Great Demon Lords]], each of whom represent one of the sins, are a major group of antagonists.
*In the manga and anime ''[[Katekyo Hitman Reborn!]]'', the member of Varia each match one of the Seven Deadly Sins, their latin names, or the respective demons of the sins.
*In the manga and anime ''[[Fullmetal Alchemist]]'', each sin is used as the name of each member of a group of powerful false humans called "[[List of Fullmetal Alchemist characters#Homunculi|homunculi]]", with each homunculi's personality being based on the sin he or she is named after.
*In the videogame ''[[Devil May Cry 3]]'', the seven deadly sins are represented by a group of common enemies, as well as by seven infernal bells. Fallen angels that personify the sins also feature heavily in the [[prequel]] manga, in which they are important in summoning the bell-containing tower in the first place.
*In the [[Philippines]] TV series ''[[Mars Ravelo's Lastikman (TV series)|Lastikman]]'' each major villain represents one of the deadly sins.
*In the [[Norway|Norwegian]] TV show ''De syv dødssyndene'' (''The Seven Deadly Sins''), [[Christopher Schau]] attempts to invoke the wrath of God by carrying out each of the seven deadly sins. When Schau was talking about the show on the talk show ''Senkveld'' (''Late Night''), he said "If I don't end up in Hell, then there is no Hell." The program caused a great deal of public debate surrounding the issue of censorship.
*In [[Matt Fraction]]'s [[comic book]] ''[[Casanova (comic series)|Casanova]]'', the series' issues are named, in Latin, for each of the seven sins, beginning with ''[[Casanova (comic series)#Album 1: Luxuria #1-7|Luxuria]]''.
*[[Rengoku II: The Stairway to Heaven]] is based around eight levels of a tower, seven named after the sins, the eighth being [[Paradise]].
*In the webcomic [[Jack (webcomic)|Jack]], the seven sins are personified by anthropomorphs.
*Comedian [[Mark Watson (comedian)|Mark Watson]] examined the seven sins in the first series of the BBC radio show [[Mark Watson Makes the World Substantially Better]]. In order to fit the sins into a six part series Greed and Gluttony were combined as the 'similar sins'.
*In [[Knight Online]]'s Bifrost are monsters which can hunted for Fragments of the seve sins. Fragments can be turned into unique items, or collected to gain access to the chamber of Ultima.
*In [[11eyes]], the Black Knight was named Avaritia, Ira, Invidia, Acedia, Gula, and Superbia. This was a direct reference of the 7 Cardinal sins.
*In [[America's Next Top Model, Cycle 4|Cycle 4]] of [[America's Next Top Model]], the seven remaining girls each portrayed one of the seven sins in a photo shoot.
*In [[Umineko no Naku Koro ni]], the Seven Sisters of Purgatory that are summoned by Beatrice and Ange-Beatrice to kill are name after each of the seven sins
*In the ''[[Charmed]]'' series in the episode "Sin Francisco" people were infected by one of the seven deadly sins.
*In the TV series ''[[Supernatural (TV series)]]'', the Seven Deadly Sins are seven demons who, when they touch a person, can cause the person they touch to feel whatever sin the respective demon represents. 
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*in the comics series ''Archie'', four out of the five main characters are breaking one of the seven deadly sins each.

=== Science ===
* [[Kansas State University]] geography research associate Thomas Vought presented his study “The Spatial Distribution of the Seven Deadly Sins Within Nevada”. In addition, the study covers some 3,000 counties across the country, and includes the interactive maps of sin distribution across the U.S.<ref>{{cite web|author=By dukeofurl |url=http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2009/mar/26/one-nation-seven-sins/ |title=One nation, seven sins - Thursday, March 26, 2009 &#124; 2 a.m. |publisher=Las Vegas Sun |date= |accessdate=2010-01-02}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[The Seven Sins of Memory]]

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist|2}}
;Bibliography
*Refoule, F. (1967) Evagrius Ponticus. In Staff of Catholic University of America (Eds.) New Catholic Encyclopaedia. Volume 5, pp644–645. New York: McGrawHill.
*Schumacher, Meinolf (2005): "Catalogues of Demons as Catalogues of Vices in Medieval German Literature: 'Des Teufels Netz' and the Alexander Romance by Ulrich von Etzenbach." In ''In the Garden of Evil: The Vices and Culture in the Middle Ages''. Edited by Richard Newhauser, pp.&nbsp;277–290. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.

==Further reading==
*''[[The Divine Comedy]]'' ([[The Divine Comedy#Inferno|"Inferno"]], [[The Divine Comedy#Purgatorio|"Purgatorio"]], and [[The Divine Comedy#Paradiso|"Paradiso"]]), by [[Dante Alighieri]]
*''[[Summa Theologica]]'', by [[Thomas Aquinas]]
*''The Concept of Sin'', by [[Josef Pieper]]
*''The Traveller's Guide to Hell'', by Michael Pauls & Dana Facaros
*''Sacred Origins of Profound Things'', by Charles Panati
*''[[The Faerie Queene]]'', by [[Edmund Spenser]]
*''[http://www.oup.com/us/collections/7_sins/?view=usa The Seven Deadly Sins Series]'', [[Oxford University Press]] (7 vols.)

==External links==
*[http://themodernword.com/pynchon/pynchon_essays_sloth.html Article on Sloth's minor position in the sins]
*[http://whitestonejournal.com/seven_deadly_sins/ The Seven Deadly Sins, White Stone Journal]
*[http://usccb.org/catechism/text/pt3sect1chpt1art8.shtml Catholic Catechism on Sin]

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