Editing Grover Cleveland



'''Stephen Grover Cleveland''' (March 18, 1837{{snd}}June 24, 1908) was an American politician and lawyer who was the 22nd and 24th [[President of the United States]].<ref>He was therefore the only president to serve nonconsecutive terms (1885{{ndash}}89 and 1893{{ndash}}97) and to be counted twice in the numbering of the presidents.</ref> He won the [[Elections in the United States#Presidential elections|popular vote]] for three presidential elections{{snd}}in [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884]], [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888]], and [[United States presidential election, 1892|1892]]{{snd}}and was one of two [[History of the Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] (with [[Woodrow Wilson]]) to be elected president during the era of [[History of the Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] political domination dating from 1861 to 1933. He was also the first and to date only President in American history to serve two non-consecutive terms in office.

Cleveland was the leader of the pro-business [[Bourbon Democrats]] who opposed [[Tariffs in United States history#Civil War protective policy, 1861–1913|high tariffs]], [[Free Silver]], inflation, [[Overseas expansion of the United States#Hawaii|imperialism]], and subsidies to business, farmers, or veterans. His crusade for political reform and [[fiscal conservatism]] made him an icon for American conservatives of the era.<ref>Blum, 527</ref> Cleveland won praise for his honesty, self-reliance, integrity, and commitment to the principles of [[classical liberalism]].<ref>Jeffers, 8–12; Nevins, 4–5; Beito and Beito</ref> He fought political corruption, patronage, and [[Political boss|bossism]]. As a reformer Cleveland had such prestige that the like-minded wing of the Republican Party, called "[[Mugwump]]s", largely bolted the GOP presidential ticket and swung to his support in the 1884 election.<ref>McFarland, 11–56</ref>

As his second administration began, disaster hit the nation when the [[Panic of 1893]] produced a severe national depression, which Cleveland was unable to reverse. It ruined his Democratic Party, opening the way for a [[United States House elections, 1894|Republican landslide in 1894]] and for the agrarian and [[silverite]] seizure of the Democratic Party in 1896. The result was a [[realigning election|political realignment]] that ended the [[Third Party System]] and launched the [[Fourth Party System]] and the [[Progressive Era]].<ref>Gould, ''passim''</ref>

Cleveland was a formidable policymaker, and he also drew corresponding criticism. His intervention in the [[Pullman Strike]] of 1894 to keep the railroads moving angered labor unions nationwide in addition to the party in Illinois; his support of the [[gold standard]] and opposition to Free Silver alienated the [[Agrarianism|agrarian]] wing of the Democratic Party.<ref name=tugwell>Tugwell, 220–249</ref> Critics complained that Cleveland had little imagination and seemed overwhelmed by the nation's economic disasters—[[Depression (economics)|depressions]] and strikes—in his second term.<ref name=tugwell/> Even so, his reputation for probity and good character survived the troubles of his second term. Biographer [[Allan Nevins]] wrote, "[I]n Grover Cleveland, the greatness lies in typical rather than unusual qualities. He had no endowments that thousands of men do not have. He possessed honesty, courage, firmness, independence, and common sense. But he possessed them to a degree other men do not."<ref>Nevins, 4</ref> Today, Cleveland is considered by most historians to have been a successful leader, generally [[Historical rankings of Presidents of the United States|ranked among the second tier]] of American presidents.

==Early life==

===Childhood and family history===
[[Image:Caldwell Presbyterian Church and Manse.jpg|thumb|Caldwell Presbyterian parsonage, [[Grover Cleveland Birthplace|birthplace of Grover Cleveland]]]]
Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in [[Caldwell, New Jersey]] to Richard Falley Cleveland and Ann (née Neal) Cleveland.<ref>Nevins, 8–10</ref> Cleveland's father was a [[Presbyterian]] minister who was originally from [[Connecticut]].<ref>Graff, 3–4; Nevins, 8–10</ref> His mother was from [[Baltimore]] and was the daughter of a bookseller.<ref name=graff3>Graff, 3–4</ref> On his father's side, Cleveland was descended from English ancestors, the first of the family having emigrated to [[Massachusetts]] from [[Cleveland, England|Cleveland]], England in 1635.<ref>Nevins, 6</ref> On his mother's side, he was descended from [[Anglo-Irish]] Protestants and [[German Americans|German]] [[Quaker]]s from Philadelphia.<ref>Nevins, 9</ref> He was distantly related to General [[Moses Cleaveland]], after whom the city of [[Cleveland, Ohio]], was named.<ref>Graff, 7</ref>

Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named Stephen Grover in honor of the first pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Caldwell, where his father was pastor at the time. He became known as Grover in his adult life.<ref>Nevins, 10; Graff, 3</ref> In 1841, the Cleveland family moved to [[Fayetteville, New York]], where Grover spent much of his childhood.<ref>Nevins, 11; Graff, 8–9</ref> Neighbors later described him as "full of fun and inclined to play pranks,"<ref>Nevins, 11</ref> and fond of outdoor sports.<ref>Jeffers, 17</ref>

In 1850, Cleveland's father took a pastorate in [[Clinton, Oneida County, New York]], and the family relocated there.<ref>Nevins, 17–19</ref> Despite his father's dedication to his missionary work, the income was insufficient for the large family. Financial conditions forced him to remove Grover from school into a two-year mercantile apprenticeship in Fayetteville. The experience was valuable and brief, and the living conditions quite austere. Grover returned to Clinton and his schooling at the completion of the apprentice contract.<ref>Tugwell, 14</ref> When the Clinton pastorate proved too arduous in 1853, Cleveland's father took an assignment in [[Holland Patent, New York]], near [[Utica, New York|Utica]] and the family moved again.<ref name=nevins21>Nevins, 21</ref> Shortly after, he died.<ref name=nevins21/>

===Education and moving west===
[[Image:PCLEV001-009.jpg|thumb|upright|An early, undated photograph of Grover Cleveland]]
Cleveland received his elementary education at the Fayetteville Academy and the Clinton Liberal Academy.<ref>Nevins, 18–19; Jeffers, 19</ref> After his father died in 1853, he again left school so as to help support his family. Later that year, Cleveland's brother William was hired as a teacher at the [[New York Institute for the Blind]] in New York City, and William obtained a place for Cleveland as an assistant teacher. He returned home to Holland Patent at the end of 1854, where an elder in his church offered to pay for his college education if he would promise to become a minister. Cleveland declined, and in 1855 he decided to move west.<ref name=nevins27>Nevins, 23–27</ref> He stopped first in [[Buffalo, New York]], where his uncle, [[Lewis F. Allen]], gave him a clerical job.<ref>Nevins, 27–33</ref> Allen was an important man in Buffalo, and he introduced his nephew to influential men there, including the partners in the [[law firm]] of Rogers, Bowen, and Rogers.<ref>Nevins, 31–36</ref> Cleveland later took a clerkship with the firm, began to [[read the law]], and was admitted to the [[Bar association|bar]] in 1859.<ref name=graff14>Graff, 14</ref>

===Early career and the Civil War===
Cleveland worked for the Rogers firm for three years, then left in 1862 to start his own practice.<ref>Graff, 14–15</ref> In January 1863, he was appointed assistant [[district attorney]] of [[Erie County, New York|Erie County]].<ref>Graff, 15; Nevins, 46</ref> With the [[American Civil War]] raging, Congress passed the [[Conscription Act of 1863]], requiring able-bodied men to serve in the army if called upon, or else to hire a substitute.<ref name=graff14/> Cleveland chose the latter course, paying $150 to George Benninsky, a thirty-two-year-old [[Poles|Polish]] immigrant, to serve in his place.<ref>Graff, 14; Nevins, 51–52. Benninsky survived the war.</ref>

As a lawyer, Cleveland became known for his single-minded concentration and dedication to hard work.<ref name=nevins52>Nevins, 52–53</ref> In 1866, he successfully defended some participants in the [[Fenian raids#Niagara raid (1866)|Fenian raid]], working on a ''[[pro bono]]'' basis (free of charge).<ref>Nevins, 54</ref> In 1868, Cleveland attracted professional attention for his winning defense of a [[libel]] suit against the editor of Buffalo's ''Commercial Advertiser''.<ref>Nevins, 54–55</ref> During this time, Cleveland assumed a lifestyle of simplicity, taking residence in a plain [[boarding house]]; Cleveland dedicated his growing income instead to the support of his mother and younger sisters.<ref>Nevins, 55–56</ref> While his personal quarters were austere, Cleveland enjoyed an active social life and "the easy-going sociability of hotel-lobbies and [[Western saloon|saloons]]."<ref>Nevins, 56</ref> He shunned the circles of higher society of Buffalo in which his uncle's family traveled.<ref>Tugwell, 26</ref>

==Political career in New York==

===Sheriff of Erie County===
[[Image:DSCN4468 buffaloclevelandstatue e.jpg|upright|thumb|Statue of Grover Cleveland outside City Hall in Buffalo, New York]]
From his earliest involvement in politics, Cleveland aligned with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]].<ref>Nevins, 44–45</ref> He had a decided aversion to Republicans [[John Fremont]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]], and the heads of the Rogers law firm were solid Democrats.<ref>Tugwell, 32</ref> In 1865, he ran for [[District Attorney]], losing narrowly to his friend and roommate, [[Lyman K. Bass]], the Republican nominee.<ref name=nevins52/> In 1870, with the help of friend Oscar Folsom, Cleveland secured the Democratic nomination for [[Sheriff of Erie County, New York]].<ref name=nevins58>Nevins, 58</ref> He won the election by a 303-vote margin and took office on January 1, 1871 at age 33.<ref>Jeffers, 33</ref> While this new career took him away from the practice of law, it was rewarding in other ways: the fees were said to yield up to $40,000 (US${{Inflation|US|40000|1871|r=-5|fmt=c}} today{{Inflation-fn|US}}) over the two-year term.<ref name=nevins58/>

Cleveland's service as sheriff was unremarkable; biographer [[Rexford Tugwell]] described the time in office as a waste for Cleveland politically. Cleveland was aware of graft in the sheriff's office during his tenure and chose not to confront it.<ref>Tugwell, 36</ref> A notable incident of his term took place on September 6, 1872, when Patrick Morrissey was executed, who had been convicted of murdering his mother.<ref name=morrisey>Jeffers, 34; Nevins, 61–62</ref> As sheriff, Cleveland was responsible for either personally carrying out the execution or paying a deputy $10 to perform the task.<ref name=morrisey/> In spite of reservations about the hanging, Cleveland executed Morrissey himself;<ref name=morrisey/> he hanged another murderer, [[List of individuals executed in New York|John Gaffney]], on February 14, 1873.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buffalonian.com/history/articles/1851-1900/gaffneyhanging/gaffneyhanging.html|title=The Execution of John Gaffney|accessdate=March 27, 2008|publisher=The Buffalonian
}}</ref>

After his term as sheriff ended, Cleveland returned to his law practice, opening a firm with his friends Lyman K. Bass and [[Wilson S. Bissell]].<ref>Jeffers, 36; Nevins, 64</ref> Elected to Congress in 1872, Bass did not spend much time at the firm, but Cleveland and Bissell soon rose to the top of Buffalo's legal community.<ref>Nevins, 66–71</ref> Up to that point, Cleveland's political career had been honorable and unexceptional. As biographer [[Allan Nevins]] wrote, "Probably no man in the country, on March 4, 1881, had less thought than this limited, simple, sturdy attorney of Buffalo that four years later he would be standing in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] and taking the oath as President of the United States."<ref>Nevins, 78</ref>

It was during this period that Cleveland began a relationship with a widow, Maria Crofts Halpin, and later assumed responsibility for supporting her and a child born at the time. The matter became a campaign issue for the GOP in his first presidential campaign.<ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63">{{cite book|author=Henry F. Graff|title=Grover Cleveland: The American Presidents Series: The 22nd and 24th President, 1885–1889 and 1893–1897|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BjE7XsSQxmAC&pg=PA61|year=2002|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|pages=61–63|isbn=9780805069235}}</ref>

===Mayor of Buffalo===
In the 1870s, the municipal government in Buffalo had grown increasingly corrupt, with Democratic and Republican [[political machine]]s cooperating to share the [[Spoils system|spoils]] of political office.<ref>Nevins, 79; Graff, 18–19; Jeffers, 42–45; Welch, 24</ref> In 1881 the Republicans nominated a slate of particularly disreputable machine politicians; the Democrats saw the opportunity to gain the votes of disaffected Republicans by nominating a more honest candidate.<ref>Nevins, 79–80; Graff, 18–19; Welch, 24</ref> The party leaders approached Cleveland, and he agreed to run for [[List of mayors of Buffalo, New York|Mayor of Buffalo]], provided that the rest of the ticket was to his liking.<ref name=nevins80>Nevins, 80–81</ref> When the more notorious politicians were left off the Democratic ticket, Cleveland accepted the nomination.<ref name=nevins80/> Cleveland was elected mayor with 15,120 votes, as against 11,528 for Milton C. Beebe, his opponent.<ref>Nevins, 83</ref> He took office January 2, 1882.

Cleveland's term as mayor was spent fighting the entrenched interests of the party machines.<ref>Graff, 19; Jeffers, 46–50</ref> Among the acts that established his reputation was a veto of the street-cleaning bill passed by the [[Buffalo Common Council|Common Council]].<ref name=street>Nevins, 84–86</ref> The street-cleaning contract was open for bids, and the Council selected the highest bidder at $422,000, rather than the lowest of $100,000 less, because of the political connections of the bidder.<ref name=street/> While this sort of bipartisan graft had previously been tolerated in Buffalo, Mayor Cleveland would have none of it. His veto message said, "I regard it as the culmination of a most bare-faced, impudent, and shameless scheme to betray the interests of the people, and to worse than squander the public money."<ref>Nevins, 85</ref> The Council reversed itself and awarded the contract to the lowest bidder.<ref>Nevins, 86</ref> Cleveland also asked the state legislature to form a Commission to develop a plan to improve the sewer system in Buffalo at a much lower cost than previously proposed locally; this plan was successfully adopted.<ref>Tugwell, 58</ref> For this, and other actions safeguarding public funds, Cleveland's reputation as a leader willing to purge government corruption began to spread beyond Erie County.<ref>Nevins, 94–95; Jeffers, 50–51</ref>

===Governor of New York===
[[File:GCleveland.png|thumb|left|Gubernatorial portrait of Grover Cleveland]]
New York Democratic party officials began to consider Cleveland a possible nominee for governor.<ref name=nevins94>Nevins, 94–99; Graff, 26–27</ref> [[Daniel Manning]], a party insider who admired Cleveland's record, was instrumental in his candidacy.<ref>Tugwell, 68–70</ref> With a split in the state Republican party in 1882, the Democratic party was considered to be at an advantage; there were several contenders for that party's nomination.<ref name=nevins94/> The two leading Democratic candidates were [[Roswell P. Flower]] and [[Henry Warner Slocum|Henry W. Slocum]]. Their factions deadlocked, and the convention could not agree on a nominee.<ref>Graff, 26; Nevins, 101–103</ref> Cleveland, in third place on the first ballot, picked up support in subsequent votes and emerged as the compromise choice.<ref>Nevins, 103–104</ref> The Republican party remained divided against itself, and in the general election Cleveland emerged the victor, with 535,318 votes to Republican nominee [[Charles J. Folger]]'s 342,464.<ref>Nevins, 105</ref> Cleveland's margin of victory was, at the time, the largest in a contested New York election; the Democrats also picked up seats in both houses of the [[New York State Legislature]].<ref>Graff, 28</ref>

Cleveland brought his opposition to needless spending to the governor's office; he promptly sent the legislature eight vetos in his first two months in office.<ref>Graff, 35</ref> The first to attract attention was his veto of a bill to reduce the fares on [[History of the New York City Subway#Early steam and elevated railroads|New York City elevated trains]] to five cents.<ref>Graff, 35–36</ref> The bill had broad support because the trains' owner, [[Jay Gould]], was unpopular, and his fare increases were widely denounced.<ref>Nevins, 114–116</ref> Cleveland, however, saw the bill as unjust—Gould had taken over the railroads when they were failing and had made the system solvent again.<ref name=nevins116>Nevins, 116–117</ref> Moreover, Cleveland believed that altering Gould's franchise would violate the [[Contract Clause]] of the [[United States Constitution|federal Constitution]].<ref name=nevins116/> Despite the initial popularity of the fare-reduction bill, the newspapers praised Cleveland's veto.<ref name=nevins116/> [[Theodore Roosevelt]], then a member of the [[New York State Assembly|Assembly]], had reluctantly voted for the bill to which Cleveland objected, in a desire to punish the unscrupulous railroad barons.<ref name=nevins117>Nevins, 117–118</ref> After the veto, Roosevelt reversed himself, as did many legislators, and the veto was sustained.<ref name=nevins117/>

Cleveland's defiance of political corruption won him popular acclaim, and the enmity of the influential [[Tammany Hall]] organization in New York City.<ref>Nevins, 125–126</ref> Tammany, under its boss, [[John Kelly (U.S. politician)|John Kelly]], had disapproved of Cleveland's nomination as governor, and their resistance intensified after Cleveland openly opposed and prevented the re-election of their point man in the State Senate, [[Thomas F. Grady]].<ref>Tugwell, 77</ref> Cleveland also steadfastly opposed nominees of the Tammanyites, as well as bills passed as a result of their deal making.<ref>Tugwell, 73</ref> The loss of Tammany's support was offset by the support of Theodore Roosevelt and other reform-minded Republicans who helped Cleveland to pass several laws reforming municipal governments.<ref>Nevins, 138–140</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Election of 1884==
{{Main article|United States presidential election, 1884}}

===Nomination for president===
{{main article|1884 Democratic National Convention}}
The Republicans convened in Chicago and nominated former Speaker of the House [[James G. Blaine]] of [[Maine]] for president on the fourth ballot. Blaine's nomination alienated many Republicans who viewed Blaine as ambitious and immoral.<ref name=nevins185>Nevins, 185–186; Jeffers, 96–97</ref> The GOP standard bearer was weakened by alienating the Mugwumps, and the Conkling faction, recently disenfranchised by President Arthur.<ref name="Tugwell, 88">Tugwell, 88</ref> Democratic party leaders saw the Republicans' choice as an opportunity to win the White House for the first time since 1856 if the right candidate could be found.<ref name=nevins185/>
[[File:Bernard Gilliam - Phryne before the Chicago Tribunal.jpg|thumb|right|An anti-Blaine cartoon presents him as the "tattooed man," with many indelible scandals.]]
[[Image:Ma ma wheres my pa.jpg|thumb|right|An anti-Cleveland cartoon highlights the Halpin scandal]]

Among the Democrats, [[Samuel J. Tilden]] was the initial front-runner, having been the party's nominee in the [[United States presidential election, 1876|contested election of 1876]].<ref name=nevins146>Nevins, 146–147</ref> After Tilden declined a nomination due to his poor health, his supporters shifted to several other contenders.<ref name=nevins146/> Cleveland was among the leaders in early support, and [[Thomas F. Bayard]] of [[Delaware]], [[Allen G. Thurman]] of [[Ohio]], [[Samuel Freeman Miller]] of [[Iowa]], and [[Benjamin Butler (politician)|Benjamin Butler]] of [[Massachusetts]] also had considerable followings, along with various [[favorite son]]s.<ref name=nevins146/> Each of the other candidates had hindrances to his nomination: Bayard had spoken in favor of [[secession]] in 1861, making him unacceptable to Northerners; Butler, conversely, was reviled throughout the South for his actions during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]; Thurman was generally well liked, but was growing old and infirm, and his views on the [[Bimetallism|silver question]] were uncertain.<ref>Nevins, 147</ref> Cleveland, too, had detractors—Tammany remained opposed to him—but the nature of his enemies made him still more friends.<ref>Nevins, 152–153; Graff, 51–53</ref> Cleveland led on the first ballot, with 392 votes out of 820.<ref>Nevins, 153</ref> On the second ballot, Tammany threw its support behind Butler, but the rest of the delegates shifted to Cleveland, who won.<ref name=nevins154>Nevins, 154; Graff, 53–54</ref> [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] of [[Indiana]] was selected as his running mate.<ref name=nevins154/>

===Campaign against Blaine===
Corruption in politics was the central issue in 1884; indeed, Blaine had over the span of his career been involved in several questionable deals.<ref>Tugwell, 80</ref> Cleveland's reputation as an opponent of corruption proved the Democrats' strongest asset.<ref>Summers, ''passim''; Grossman, 31</ref> William C. Hudson created Cleveland's contextual campaign slogan "A public office is a public trust."<ref>Tugwell, 84</ref> Reform-minded Republicans called "[[Mugwump]]s" denounced Blaine as corrupt and flocked to Cleveland.<ref name=mugwump>Nevins, 156–159; Graff, 55</ref> The Mugwumps, including such men as [[Carl Schurz]] and [[Henry Ward Beecher]], were more concerned with morality than with party, and felt Cleveland was a kindred soul who would promote civil service reform and fight for efficiency in government.<ref name=mugwump/> At the same time the Democrats gained support from the Mugwumps, they lost some blue-collar workers to the [[United States Greenback Party|Greenback-Labor party]], led by ex-Democrat Benjamin Butler.<ref>Nevins, 187–188</ref> In general, Cleveland abided by the precedent of minimizing presidential campaign travel and speechmaking; Blaine became one of the first to break with that tradition.<ref>Tugwell, 93</ref>

The campaign focused on the candidates' moral standards, as each side cast aspersions on their opponents. Cleveland's supporters rehashed the old allegations that Blaine had corruptly influenced legislation in favor of the [[Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad]] and the [[Union Pacific Railway]], later profiting on the sale of bonds he owned in both companies.<ref name=blaine>Nevins, 159–162; Graff, 59–60</ref> Although the stories of Blaine's favors to the railroads had made the rounds eight years earlier, this time Blaine's correspondence was discovered, making his earlier denials less plausible.<ref name=blaine/> On some of the most damaging correspondence, Blaine had written "Burn this letter", giving Democrats the last line to their rallying cry: "Blaine, Blaine, James G. Blaine, the continental liar from the state of Maine, 'Burn this letter!"<ref>Graff, 59; Jeffers, 111; Nevins, 177, Welch, 34</ref>

Regarding Cleveland, commentator [[Jeff Jacoby (columnist)|Jeff Jacoby]] notes that, "Not since George Washington had a candidate for President been so renowned for his rectitude."<ref>Jeff Jacoby, "'Grover the good'—the most honest president of them all", [http://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2015/02/15/presidents-day-grover-cleveland-most-honest-president-them-all/CmhndHa3aA1t0cvAfjB6LL/story.html ''Boston Globe'' Feb. 15. 2–15]</ref> But the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland's past. Aided by the sermons of Reverend George H. Ball, a minister from Buffalo, they made public the allegation that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer there,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lachman|first1=Charles|title=A Secret Life: The Sex, Lies, and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland|date=2011|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|pages=195–216|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8Zj58-xugC|accessdate=October 14, 2016|chapter= Chapter 9 - ''A Terrible Tale''}}</ref> with their rallies even subsequently including the chant "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa?"<ref>Tugwell, 90</ref> When confronted with the scandal, Cleveland immediately instructed his supporters to "Above all, tell the truth."<ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63"/> Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin, the woman who asserted he had fathered her son Oscar Folsom Cleveland and he assumed responsibility.<ref name="Henry F. Graff 2002 61–63"/> Shortly before the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 election]], the Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland, her "life was pure and spotless", and "there is not, and never was, a doubt as to the paternity of our child, and the attempt of Grover Cleveland, or his friends, to couple the name of Oscar Folsom, or any one else, with that boy, for that purpose is simply infamous and false."<ref>{{cite book|last=Lachman|first=Charles|title=A Secret Life: The Sex, Lies, and Scandals of President Grover Cleveland|date=2011|publisher=Skyhorse Publishing|pages=285–288|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jz8Zj58-xugC}}</ref>

[[File:ElectoralCollege1884.svg|thumb|300px|Results of the [[United States presidential election, 1884|1884 election]]]]

The electoral votes of closely contested New York, New Jersey, Indiana, and Connecticut would determine the election.<ref>Welch, 33</ref> In New York, the Tammany Democrats decided that they would gain more from supporting a Democrat they disliked than a Republican who would do nothing for them.<ref>Nevins, 170–171</ref> Blaine hoped that he would have more support from Irish Americans than Republicans typically did; while the Irish were mainly a Democratic constituency in the 19th century, Blaine's mother was Irish Catholic, and he had been supportive of the [[Irish National Land League]] while he was Secretary of State.<ref>Nevins, 170</ref> The Irish, a significant group in three of the [[swing state]]s, did appear inclined to support Blaine until a Republican, [[Samuel D. Burchard (clergyman)|Samuel D. Burchard]], gave a speech pivotal for the Democrats, denouncing them as the party of "Rum, [[Romanism]], and Rebellion."<ref>Nevins, 181–184</ref> The Democrats spread the word of this implied Catholic insult on the eve of the election. They also blistered Blaine for attending a banquet with some of New York City's wealthiest men.<ref>Tugwell, 94–95</ref>

After the votes were counted, Cleveland narrowly won all four of the swing states, including New York by 1200 votes.<ref name=leip1884>{{Leip PV source 2|year=1884| as of=January 27, 2008}}, {{National Archives EV source|year=1888| as of=January 27, 2008}}</ref> While the popular vote total was close, with Cleveland winning by just one-quarter of a percent, the electoral votes gave Cleveland a majority of 219–182.<ref name=leip1884/> Following the electoral victory, the "Ma, Ma&nbsp;..." attack phrase gained a classic riposte: "Gone to the White House. Ha! Ha! Ha!"<ref>Graff, 64</ref>

==First term as president (1885–1889)==

===Reform===
[[Image:Cleveland Tariffs.jpg|thumb|left|Cleveland, portrayed as a tariff reformer]]
Soon after taking office, Cleveland was faced with the task of filling all the government jobs for which the president had the power of appointment. These jobs were typically filled under the [[spoils system]], but Cleveland announced that he would not fire any Republican who was doing his job well, and would not appoint anyone solely on the basis of party service.<ref>Nevins, 208–211</ref> He also used his appointment powers to reduce the number of federal employees, as many departments had become bloated with political time-servers.<ref>Nevins, 214–217</ref> Later in his term, as his fellow Democrats chafed at being excluded from the spoils, Cleveland began to replace more of the partisan Republican officeholders with Democrats.;<ref>Graff, 83</ref> this was especially the case with policy making positions.<ref>Tugwell, 100</ref> While some of his decisions were influenced by party concerns, more of Cleveland's appointments were decided by merit alone than was the case in his predecessors' administrations.<ref>Nevins, 238–241; Welch, 59–60</ref>
{{CSS image crop|Image = CLEVELAND, Grover-President (BEP engraved portrait).jpg |bSize = 315|cWidth = 220|cHeight = 250|oTop = 70|oLeft = 47|Location = right|Description = [[Bureau of Engraving and Printing|BEP]] engraved portrait of Cleveland as President. }}

Cleveland also reformed other parts of the government. In 1887, he signed an act creating the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]].<ref>Nevins, 354–357; Graff, 85</ref> He and [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[William C. Whitney]] undertook to modernize the [[United States Navy|navy]] and canceled construction contracts that had resulted in inferior ships.<ref>Nevins, 217–223; Graff, 77</ref> Cleveland angered railroad investors by ordering an investigation of western lands they held by government grant.<ref name=rrgrants>Nevins, 223–228</ref> [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Secretary of the Interior]] [[Lucius Q.C. Lamar]] charged that the rights of way for this land must be returned to the public because the railroads failed to extend their lines according to agreements.<ref name=rrgrants/> The lands were forfeited, resulting in the return of approximately {{convert|81000000|acre|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=rrgrants/>

Cleveland was the first Democratic President subject to the [[Tenure of Office Act (1867)|Tenure of Office Act]] which originated in 1867; the act purported to require the Senate to approve the dismissal of any presidential appointee who was originally subject to its advice and consent. Cleveland objected to the act in principle and his steadfast refusal to abide by it prompted its fall into disfavor and led to its ultimate repeal in 1887.<ref>Tugwell, 130–134</ref>

===Vetoes===
Cleveland faced a Republican Senate and often resorted to using his veto powers.<ref>Graff, 85</ref> He vetoed hundreds of private pension bills for [[American Civil War]] veterans, believing that if their pensions requests had already been rejected by the [[Pension Bureau]], Congress should not attempt to override that decision.<ref>Nevins, 326–328; Graff, 83–84</ref> When Congress, pressured by the [[Grand Army of the Republic]], passed [[Dependent and Disability Pension Act|a bill granting pensions]] for disabilities not caused by military service, Cleveland also vetoed that.<ref>Nevins, 300–331; Graff, 83</ref> Cleveland used the veto far more often than any president up to that time.<ref>See [[List of United States presidential vetoes]]</ref> In 1887, Cleveland issued his most well-known veto, [[s:Cleveland's Veto of the Texas Seed Bill|that of the Texas Seed Bill]].<ref name=nevins331>Nevins, 331–332; Graff, 85</ref> After a drought had ruined crops in several Texas counties, Congress appropriated $10,000 to purchase seed grain for farmers there.<ref name=nevins331/> Cleveland vetoed the expenditure. In his veto message, he espoused a theory of limited government:
{{blockquote|I can find no warrant for such an appropriation in the Constitution, and I do not believe that the power and duty of the general government ought to be extended to the relief of individual suffering which is in no manner properly related to the public service or benefit. A prevalent tendency to disregard the limited mission of this power and duty should, I think, be steadfastly resisted, to the end that the lesson should be constantly enforced that, though the people support the government, the government should not support the people. The friendliness and charity of our countrymen can always be relied upon to relieve their fellow-citizens in misfortune. This has been repeatedly and quite lately demonstrated. Federal aid in such cases encourages the expectation of paternal care on the part of the government and weakens the sturdiness of our national character, while it prevents the indulgence among our people of that kindly sentiment and conduct which strengthens the bonds of a common brotherhood.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland |publisher=Cassell Publishing Co |year=1892 |location=New York |page=450 |chapter=Cleveland's Veto of the Texas Seed Bill |chapterurl=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Cleveland's_Veto_of_the_Texas_Seed_Bill |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:Writings_and_Speeches_of_Grover_Cleveland.djvu |isbn=0-217-89899-8}}</ref>}}

===Silver===
One of the most volatile issues of the 1880s was whether the currency should be backed by [[Bimetallism|gold and silver]], or by [[gold standard|gold alone]].<ref>Jeffers, 157–158</ref> The issue cut across party lines, with western Republicans and southern Democrats joining together in the call for the free coinage of silver, and both parties' representatives in the northeast holding firm for the gold standard.<ref name=nevins201>Nevins, 201–205; Graff, 102–103</ref> Because silver was worth less than its legal equivalent in gold, taxpayers paid their government bills in silver, while international creditors demanded payment in gold, resulting in a depletion of the nation's gold supply.<ref name=nevins201/>

Cleveland and Treasury Secretary [[Daniel Manning]] stood firmly on the side of the gold standard, and tried to reduce the amount of silver that the government was required to coin under the [[Bland-Allison Act]] of 1878.<ref>Nevins, 269</ref> Cleveland unsuccessfully appealed to Congress to repeal this law before he was inaugurated.<ref>Tugwell, 110</ref> Angered Westerners and Southerners advocated for cheap money to help their poorer constituents.<ref>Nevins, 268</ref> In reply, one of the foremost silverites, [[Richard P. Bland]], introduced a bill in 1886 that would require the government to coin unlimited amounts of silver, inflating the then-deflating currency.<ref name=nevins273>Nevins, 273</ref> While Bland's bill was defeated, so was a bill the administration favored that would repeal any silver coinage requirement.<ref name=nevins273/> The result was a retention of the status quo, and a postponement of the resolution of the Free Silver issue.<ref>Nevins, 277–279</ref>

===Tariffs===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |"When we consider that the theory of our institutions guarantees to every citizen the full enjoyment of all the fruits of his industry and enterprise, with only such deduction as may be his share toward the careful and economical maintenance of the Government which protects him, it is plain that the exaction of more than this is indefensible extortion and a culpable betrayal of American fairness and justice&nbsp;... The public Treasury, which should only exist as a conduit conveying the people's tribute to its legitimate objects of expenditure, becomes a hoarding place for money needlessly withdrawn from trade and the people's use, thus crippling our national energies, suspending our country's development, preventing investment in productive enterprise, threatening financial disturbance, and inviting schemes of public plunder."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" | '''''Cleveland's third annual message to Congress,'''<br>December 6, 1887.''<ref>{{cite book
 |title=The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland
 |publisher=Cassell Publishing Co
 |year=1892
 |location=New York
 |pages=72–73
 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=NdpBAAAAIAAJ
 |isbn=0-217-89899-8}}</ref>
|}
Another contentious financial issue at the time was the protective [[tariff]]. While it had not been a central point in his campaign, Cleveland's opinion on the tariff was that of most Democrats: that the tariff ought to be reduced.<ref name=nevins280>Nevins, 280–282, Reitano, 46–62</ref> Republicans generally favored a high tariff to protect American industries.<ref name=nevins280/> American tariffs had been high since the Civil War, and by the 1880s the tariff brought in so much revenue that the government was running a surplus.<ref>Nevins, 286–287</ref>

In 1886, a bill to reduce the tariff was narrowly defeated in the House.<ref>Nevins, 287–288</ref> The tariff issue was emphasized in [[United States House elections, 1886|the Congressional elections that year]], and the forces of protectionism increased their numbers in the Congress, but Cleveland continued to advocate tariff reform.<ref>Nevins, 290–296; Graff, 87–88</ref> As the surplus grew, Cleveland and the reformers called for a tariff for revenue only.<ref>Nevins, 370–371</ref> His message to Congress in 1887 (quoted at right) highlighted the injustice of taking more money from the people than the government needed to pay its operating expenses.<ref>Nevins, 379–381</ref> Republicans, as well as protectionist northern Democrats like [[Samuel J. Randall]], believed that American industries would fail without high tariffs, and they continued to fight reform efforts.<ref>Nevins, 383–385</ref> [[Roger Q. Mills]], chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee, proposed a bill to reduce the tariff from about 47% to about 40%.<ref name=graff88>Graff, 88–89</ref> After significant exertions by Cleveland and his allies, the bill passed the House.<ref name=graff88/> The Republican Senate failed to come to agreement with the Democratic House, and the bill died in the [[United States Congress Conference committee|conference committee]]. Dispute over the tariff persisted into the 1888 presidential election.

===Foreign policy, 1885–1889===
Cleveland was a committed non-interventionist who had campaigned in opposition to expansion and imperialism. He refused to promote the previous administration's [[Nicaragua]] canal treaty, and generally was less of an expansionist in foreign relations.<ref>Nevins, 205; 404–405</ref> Cleveland's Secretary of State, [[Thomas F. Bayard]], negotiated with [[Joseph Chamberlain]] of the United Kingdom over fishing rights in the waters off Canada, and struck a conciliatory note, despite the opposition of [[New England]]'s Republican Senators.<ref>Nevins, 404–413</ref> Cleveland also withdrew from Senate consideration the [[Berlin Conference|Berlin Conference treaty]] which guaranteed an open door for U.S. interests in [[Congo Free State|the Congo]].<ref name=wealth>Zakaria, 80</ref>

===Military policy, 1885–1889===
Cleveland's military policy emphasized self-defense and modernization. In 1885 Cleveland appointed the [[Board of Fortifications]] under [[Secretary of War]] [[William Crowninshield Endicott|William C. Endicott]] to recommend a new [[seacoast defense in the United States|coastal fortification]] system for the United States.<ref name="Berhow, pp. 9-10">Berhow, pp. 9-10</ref><ref name="cdsg.org">[http://cdsg.org/old/cdsghis4.htm Endicott and Taft Boards at the Coast Defense Study Group website]</ref> No improvements to US coastal defenses had been made since the late 1870s.<ref>Berhow, p. 8</ref><ref>[http://cdsg.org/old/cdsghis3.htm Civil War and 1870s defenses at the Coast Defense Study Group website]</ref> The Board's 1886 report recommended a massive $127 million construction program at 29 [[Harbor Defense Command|harbors and river estuaries]], to include new breech-loading rifled guns, mortars, and [[submarine mines in United States harbor defense|naval minefields]]. The Board and the program are usually called the Endicott Board and the Endicott Program. Most of the Board's recommendations were implemented, and by 1910, 27 locations were defended by over 70 forts.<ref>Berhow, pp. 201-226</ref><ref>[http://cdsg.org/fort-and-battery-list/ List of all US coastal forts and batteries] at the Coast Defense Study Group website</ref> Many of the weapons remained in place until scrapped in World War II as they were replaced with new defenses. Endicott also proposed to Congress a system of examinations for Army officer promotions.<ref>[http://www.history.army.mil/books/sw-sa/Endicott.htm William Crowninshield Endicott, from Bell, William Gardner (1992), ''Secretaries of War and Secretaries of the Army'', Center of Military History, US Army]</ref> For the Navy, the Cleveland administration spearheaded by [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[William Collins Whitney]] moved towards modernization, although no ships were constructed that could match the best European warships. Although completion of the four steel-hulled warships begun under the previous administration was delayed due to a corruption investigation and subsequent bankruptcy of their building yard, these ships were completed in a timely manner in [[naval shipyard]]s once the investigation was over.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, p. 141</ref> Sixteen additional steel-hulled warships were ordered by the end of 1888; these ships later proved vital in the Spanish–American War of 1898, and many served in World War I. These ships included the "second-class [[battleship]]s" {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|2}} and {{USS|Texas|1892|2}}, designed to match modern armored ships recently acquired by South American countries from Europe, such as the [[Brazilian battleship Riachuelo|Brazilian battleship ''Riachuelo'']].<ref>Bauer and Roberts, p. 102</ref> Eleven [[protected cruiser]]s (including the famous {{USS|Olympia|C-6|2}}), one [[armored cruiser]], and one [[monitor (warship)|monitor]] were also ordered, along with the experimental cruiser {{USS|Vesuvius|1888|2}}.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 101, 133, 141-147</ref>

===Civil rights and immigration===
Cleveland, like a growing number of Northerners (and nearly all white Southerners) saw [[Reconstruction Era of the United States|Reconstruction]] as a failed experiment, and was reluctant to use federal power to enforce the [[Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|15th Amendment]] of the [[U.S. Constitution]], which guaranteed voting rights to African Americans.<ref name=welch65>Welch, 65–66</ref> Though Cleveland appointed no black Americans to patronage jobs, he allowed [[Frederick Douglass]] to continue in his post as [[recorder of deeds]] in Washington, D.C. and appointed another black man (James Campbell Matthews, a former New York judge) to replace Douglass upon his resignation.<ref name=welch65/> His decision to replace Douglass with a black man was met with outrage, but Cleveland claimed to have known Matthews personally.<ref name="President Grover Cleveland and the Return to Power of the Democratic Party">http://www.blacksandpresidency.com/grovercleveland.php</ref>
[[File:HenryLDawes.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Henry L. Dawes]] wrote the [[Dawes Act]], which Cleveland signed into law.]]

Although Cleveland had condemned the "outrages" against Chinese immigrants, he believed that Chinese immigrants were unwilling to [[Cultural assimilation|assimilate]] into white society.<ref>Welch, 72</ref> Secretary of State [[Thomas F. Bayard]] negotiated an extension to the [[Chinese Exclusion Act]], and Cleveland lobbied the Congress to pass the [[Scott Act (1888)|Scott Act]], written by Congressman [[William Lawrence Scott]], which prevented the return of Chinese immigrants who left the United States.<ref name=welch73>Welch, 73</ref> The Scott Act easily passed both houses of Congress, and Cleveland signed it into law on October 1, 1888.<ref name=welch73/>

===Indian policy===
Cleveland viewed Native Americans as [[wards of the state]], saying in his first inaugural address that "[t]his guardianship involves, on our part, efforts for the improvement of their condition and enforcement of their rights."<ref name=welch70>Welch, 70; Nevins, 358–359</ref> He encouraged the idea of cultural assimilation, pushing for the passage of the [[Dawes Act]], which provided for distribution of Indian lands to individual members of tribes, rather than having them continued to be held in trust for the tribes by the federal government.<ref name=welch70/> While a conference of Native leaders endorsed the act, in practice the majority of Native Americans disapproved of it.<ref>Graff, 206–207</ref> Cleveland believed the Dawes Act would lift Native Americans out of poverty and encourage their assimilation into white society. It ultimately weakened the tribal governments and allowed individual Indians to sell land and keep the money.<ref name=welch70/>

In the month before Cleveland's 1885 inauguration, President Arthur opened four million acres of [[Winnebago (tribe)|Winnebago]] and [[Crow Creek Reservation|Crow Creek]] Indian lands in the [[Dakota Territory]] to white settlement by executive order.<ref name=B141>Brodsky, 141–142; Nevins, 228–229</ref> Tens of thousands of settlers gathered at the border of these lands and prepared to take possession of them.<ref name=B141/> Cleveland believed Arthur's order to be in violation of treaties with the tribes, and rescinded it on April 17 of that year, ordering the settlers out of the territory.<ref name=B141/> Cleveland sent in eighteen [[company (military unit)|companies]] of Army troops to enforce the treaties and ordered General [[Philip Sheridan]], at the time Commanding General of the U. S. Army, to investigate the matter.<ref name=B141/>
{{Clear}}

===Marriage and children===
[[File:Frances Folsom Cleveland.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Frances Folsom Cleveland]]
Cleveland entered the White House as a bachelor, and his sister [[Rose Cleveland]] joined him, to act as hostess for the first two years of his administration.<ref>Brodsky, 158; Jeffers, 149</ref> However, unlike the previous bachelor president [[James Buchanan]], Cleveland did not remain a bachelor for very long. In 1885 the daughter of Cleveland's friend Oscar Folsom visited him in Washington.<ref name=graff78>Graff, 78</ref> [[Frances Folsom Cleveland Preston|Frances Folsom]] was a student at [[Wells College]]. When she returned to school, President Cleveland received her mother's permission to correspond with her, and they were soon engaged to be married.<ref name=graff78/> On June 2, 1886, Cleveland married Frances Folsom in the [[Blue Room (White House)|Blue Room]] at the White House.<ref>Graff, 79</ref> He was the second President to wed while in office,<ref>[[John Tyler]], who married his second wife [[Julia Gardiner Tyler|Julia Gardiner]] in 1844, was the first</ref> and has been the only President married in the White House. This marriage was unusual, since Cleveland was the executor of Oscar Folsom's estate and had supervised Frances's upbringing after her father's death; nevertheless, the public took no exception to the match.<ref>Jeffers, 170–176; Graff, 78–81; Nevins, 302–308; Welch, 51</ref> At 21 years, Frances Folsom Cleveland was the youngest [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]] in history, and the public soon warmed to her beauty and warm personality.<ref>Graff, 80–81</ref>

The Clevelands had five children: [[Ruth Cleveland|Ruth]] (1891–1904), [[Esther Cleveland|Esther]] (1893–1980), Marion (1895–1977), [[Richard F. Folsom]] (1897–1974), and Francis Grover (1903–1995). British philosopher [[Philippa Foot]] was their granddaughter.<ref>William Grimes, [http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/10/us/10foot.html "Philippa Foot, Renowned Philosopher, Dies at 90"] NY Times October 9, 2010</ref>

===Administration and Cabinet===
[[Image:Cleveland First Cabinet.png|thumb|right|360px|Cleveland's first Cabinet. <br />Front row, left to right: [[Thomas F. Bayard]], '''Cleveland''', [[Daniel Manning]], [[Lucius Q. C. Lamar]] <br /> Back row, left to right: [[William F. Vilas]], [[William C. Whitney]], [[William C. Endicott]], [[Augustus H. Garland]] ]]
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
| Name = First Cleveland
| align = none
| President = Grover Cleveland
| President start = 1885
| President end = 1889
| Vice President = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]]
| Vice President date = 1885
| Vice President 2 = None
| Vice President start 2 = 1885
| Vice President end 2 = 1889
| State = [[Thomas F. Bayard]]
| State start = 1885
| State end = 1889
| Treasury = [[Daniel Manning]]
| Treasury start = 1885
| Treasury end = 1887
| Treasury 2 = [[Charles S. Fairchild]]
| Treasury start 2 = 1887
| Treasury end 2 = 1889
| War = [[William Crowninshield Endicott]]
| War start = 1885
| War end = 1889
| Justice = [[Augustus Hill Garland]]
| Justice start = 1885
| Justice end = 1889
| Post = [[William Freeman Vilas]]
| Post start = 1885
| Post end = 1888
| Post 2 = [[Donald M. Dickinson]]
| Post start 2 = 1888
| Post end 2 = 1889
| Navy = [[William Collins Whitney]]
| Navy start = 1885
| Navy end = 1889
| Interior = [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II]]
| Interior start = 1885
| Interior end = 1888
| Interior 2 = [[William Freeman Vilas]]
| Interior start 2 = 1888
| Interior end 2 = 1889
| Agriculture = [[Norman Jay Coleman]]
| Agriculture date = 1889
}}

===Judicial appointments===
{{main article|List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland}}
[[Image:Melville Weston Fuller Chief Justice 1908.jpg|upright|thumb|150px|Chief Justice Melville Fuller]]
During his first term, Cleveland successfully nominated two justices to the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. The first, [[Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II|Lucius Q.C. Lamar]], was a former [[Mississippi]] Senator who served in Cleveland's Cabinet as Interior Secretary. When [[William Burnham Woods]] died, Cleveland nominated Lamar to his seat in late 1887. While Lamar had been well liked as a Senator, his service under the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] two decades earlier caused many Republicans to vote against him. Lamar's nomination was confirmed by the narrow margin of 32 to 28.<ref>Daniel J. Meador, "Lamar to the Court: Last Step to National Reunion" ''Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook 1986'': 27–47. {{ISSN|0362-5249}}</ref>

[[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Morrison Waite]] died a few months later, and Cleveland nominated [[Melville Fuller]] to fill his seat on April 30, 1888. Fuller accepted. He had previously declined Cleveland's nomination to the [[Civil Service Commission]], preferring his Chicago law practice. The [[Senate Judiciary Committee]] spent several months examining the little-known nominee, before the Senate confirmed the nomination 41 to 20.<ref>Willard L. King, ''Melville Weston Fuller—Chief Justice of the United States 1888–1910'' (1950)</ref><ref name=nevins445>Nevins, 445–450</ref>

Cleveland nominated 41 lower federal court judges in addition to his four Supreme Court justices. These included two judges to the [[United States circuit court]]s, nine judges to the [[United States Courts of Appeals]], and 30 judges to the [[United States district courts]]. Because Cleveland served terms both before and after Congress eliminated the circuit courts in favor of the Courts of Appeals, he is one of only two presidents to have appointed judges to both bodies. The other, Benjamin Harrison, was in office at the time that the change was made. Thus, all of Cleveland's appointments to the circuit courts were made in his first term, and all of his appointments to the Courts of Appeals were made in his second.

==Election of 1888 and return to private life==

===Defeated by Harrison===
{{Main article|United States presidential election, 1888}}
[[Image:Cleveland-Thurman.jpg|thumb|right|Cleveland-Thurman campaign poster]]
[[File:ElectoralCollege1888.svg|thumb|right|300px|Results of the 1888 Election]]
The Republicans nominated [[Benjamin Harrison]] of [[Indiana]] for President and [[Levi P. Morton]] of New York for Vice President. Cleveland was easily renominated at the Democratic convention in [[St. Louis]].<ref name=graff90>Graff, 90–91</ref> Vice President [[Thomas A. Hendricks|Hendricks]] having died in 1885, the Democrats chose [[Allen G. Thurman]] of Ohio to be Cleveland's new running mate.<ref name=graff90/>

The Republicans gained the upper hand in the campaign, as Cleveland's campaign was poorly managed by [[Calvin S. Brice]] and [[William H. Barnum]], whereas Harrison had engaged more aggressive fundraisers and tacticians in [[Matthew Quay|Matt Quay]] and [[John Wanamaker]].<ref>Tugwell, 166</ref>

The Republicans campaigned heavily on the tariff issue, turning out protectionist voters in the important industrial states of the North.<ref name=nevins418>Nevins, 418–420</ref> Further, the Democrats in New York were divided over the gubernatorial candidacy of [[David B. Hill]], weakening Cleveland's support in that swing state.<ref>Nevins, 423–427</ref> A [[Murchison letter|letter from the British ambassador]] supporting Cleveland caused a scandal which cost Cleveland votes in New York.

As in 1884, the election focused on the swing states of New York, [[New Jersey]], [[Connecticut]], and [[Indiana]]. But unlike that year, when Cleveland had triumphed in all four, in 1888 he won only two, losing his home state of New York by 14,373 votes.<ref name=leip1888>{{Leip PV source 2|year=1888| as of=February 18, 2008}}, {{National Archives EV source|year=1888| as of=February 18, 2008}}</ref> The Republicans won Indiana, largely as the result of a fraudulent voting practice known as [[Blocks of Five]].<ref>Nevins, 435–439; Jeffers, 220–222</ref> Republican victory in that state, where Cleveland lost by just 2,348 votes, was sufficient to propel Harrison to victory, despite his loss of the nationwide popular vote.<ref name=leip1888/> Cleveland continued his duties diligently until the end of the term and began to look forward to return to private life.<ref>Nevins, 443–449</ref>

===Private citizen for four years===
As Frances Cleveland left the White House, she told a staff member, "Now, Jerry, I want you to take good care of all the furniture and ornaments in the house, for I want to find everything just as it is now, when we come back again." When asked when she would return, she responded, "We are coming back four years from today."<ref>Nevins, 448</ref> In the meantime, the Clevelands moved to New York City where Cleveland took a position with the law firm of Bangs, [[Francis Lynde Stetson|Stetson]], Tracy, and MacVeigh. This affiliation was more of an office sharing arrangement, though quite compatible. Cleveland's law practice brought only a moderate income, perhaps because Cleveland spent considerable time at the couple's vacation home [[Gray Gables]] at Buzzard Bay, where fishing became his obsession.<ref>Tugwell, 175</ref> While they lived in New York, the Clevelands' first child, Ruth, was born in 1891.<ref>Nevins, 450; Graff, 99–100</ref>

The Harrison administration worked with Congress to pass the [[McKinley Tariff]], an aggressively protectionist measure and the [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]], which increased money backed by silver;<ref>Tugwell, 168</ref> these were among policies Cleveland deplored as dangerous to the nation's financial health.<ref>Graff, 102–105; Nevins, 465–467</ref> At first he refrained from criticizing his successor, but by 1891 Cleveland felt compelled to speak out, addressing his concerns in an open letter to a meeting of reformers in New York.<ref>Graff, 104–105; Nevins, 467–468</ref> The "silver letter" thrust Cleveland's name back into the spotlight just as the 1892 election was approaching.<ref>Nevins, 470–471</ref>

==Election of 1892==
{{Main article|United States presidential election, 1892}}

===Democratic nomination===
Cleveland's enduring reputation as chief executive and his recent pronouncements on the monetary issues made him a leading contender for the Democratic nomination.<ref>Nevins, 468–469</ref> His leading opponent was [[David B. Hill]], a Senator for New York.<ref name=nevins470>Nevins, 470–473</ref> Hill united the anti-Cleveland elements of the Democratic party—silverites, protectionists, and Tammany Hall—but was unable to create a coalition large enough to deny Cleveland the nomination.<ref name=nevins470/> Despite some desperate maneuvering by Hill, Cleveland was nominated on the first ballot at the [[1892 Democratic National Convention|convention]] in Chicago.<ref>Tugwell, 182</ref> For vice president, the Democrats chose to balance the ticket with [[Adlai E. Stevenson I|Adlai E. Stevenson]] of Illinois, a silverite.<ref>Graff, 105; Nevins, 492–493</ref> Although the Cleveland forces preferred [[Isaac P. Gray]] of Indiana for vice president, they accepted the convention favorite.<ref>William DeGregorio, ''The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents'', Gramercy 1997</ref> As a supporter of [[United States Note|greenbacks]] and Free Silver to inflate the currency and alleviate economic distress in the rural districts, Stevenson balanced the otherwise [[Hard money (policy)|hard-money]], [[gold standard|gold-standard]] ticket headed by Cleveland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Adlai_Stevenson.htm |title=U.S. Senate: Art & History Home > Adlai Ewing Stevenson, 23rd Vice President (1893–1897) |publisher=Senate.gov |date= |accessdate=May 30, 2011}}</ref>

===Campaign against Harrison===
[[File:ElectoralCollege1892.svg|thumb|300px|Results of the 1892 election]]
The Republicans re-nominated President Harrison, making the 1892 election a rematch of the one four years earlier. Unlike the turbulent and controversial elections of 1876, 1884, and 1888, the 1892 election was, according to Cleveland biographer [[Allan Nevins]], "the cleanest, quietest, and most creditable in the memory of the post-war generation,"<ref>Nevins, 498</ref> in part because Harrison's wife, Caroline, was dying of tuberculosis.<ref>Calhoun, 149</ref> Harrison did not personally campaign at all. Following Caroline Harrison's death on October 25, two weeks before the national election, Cleveland and all of the other candidates stopped campaigning, thus making Election Day a somber and quiet event for the whole country as well as the candidates.

The issue of the tariff worked to the Republicans' advantage in 1888. The legislative revisions of the past four years also made imported goods so expensive that now many voters favored tariff reform and were skeptical of big business.<ref>Nevins, 499</ref> Many Westerners, traditionally Republican voters, defected to [[James B. Weaver|James Weaver]], the candidate of the new [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]]. Weaver promised Free Silver, generous veterans' pensions, and an [[Eight-hour day|eight-hour work day]].<ref>Graff, 106–107; Nevins, 505–506</ref> The Tammany Hall Democrats adhered to the national ticket, allowing a united Democratic party to carry New York.<ref>Graff, 108</ref> At the campaign's end, many Populists and labor supporters endorsed Cleveland after an attempt by the Carnegie Corporation to break the union during the Homestead strike in Pittsburgh and after a similar conflict between big business and labor at the Tennessee Coal and Iron Co.<ref>Tugwell, 184–185</ref> The final result was a victory for Cleveland by wide margins in both the popular and electoral votes, and it was Cleveland's third consecutive popular vote plurality.<ref>{{Leip PV source 2|year=1892| as of=February 22, 2008}}, {{National Archives EV source|year=1892| as of=February 22, 2008}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Second term as president (1893–1897)==

===Economic panic and the silver issue===
[[Image:Grover Cleveland and Wilson-Gorman Tariff Cartoon.jpg|thumb|right|Cleveland's humiliation by Gorman and the sugar trust]]
Shortly after Cleveland's second term began, the [[Panic of 1893]] struck the stock market, and he soon faced an acute [[economic depression]].<ref>Graff, 114</ref> The panic was worsened by the acute shortage of gold that resulted from the increased coinage of silver, and Cleveland called Congress into special session to deal with the problem.<ref name=nevins526>Nevins, 526–528</ref> The debate over the coinage was as heated as ever, and the effects of the panic had driven more moderates to support repealing the coinage provisions of the [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]].<ref name=nevins526/> Even so, the silverites rallied their following at a convention in Chicago, and the House of Representatives debated for fifteen weeks before passing the repeal by a considerable margin.<ref>Nevins, 524–528, 537–540. The vote was 239 to 108.</ref> In the Senate, the repeal of silver coinage was equally contentious. Cleveland, forced against his better judgment to lobby the Congress for repeal, convinced enough Democrats – and along with eastern Republicans, they formed a 48–37 majority for repeal.<ref>Tugwell, 192–195</ref> Depletion of the Treasury's gold reserves continued, at a lesser rate, and subsequent bond issues replenished supplies of gold.<ref>Welch, 126–127</ref> At the time the repeal seemed a minor setback to silverites, but it marked the beginning of the end of silver as a basis for American currency.<ref>{{cite book |title=Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History |last=Timberlake|first=Richard H. |year=1993 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-80384-8 |page=179}}</ref>

===Tariff reform===
Having succeeded in reversing the Harrison administration's silver policy, Cleveland sought next to reverse the effects of the [[McKinley tariff]]. The [[Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act]] was introduced by West Virginian Representative [[William Lyne Wilson|William L. Wilson]] in December 1893.<ref>Festus P. Summers, ''William L. Wilson and Tariff Reform: A Biography'' (1974)</ref> After lengthy debate, the bill passed the House by a considerable margin.<ref>Nevins, 567; the vote was 204 to 140</ref> The bill proposed moderate downward revisions in the tariff, especially on raw materials.<ref name=nevins564>Nevins, 564–566; Jeffers, 285–287</ref> The shortfall in revenue was to be made up by an [[income tax]] of two percent on income above $4,000<ref name=nevins564/> (US${{Inflation|US|4000|1893|r=-3|fmt=c}} today{{Inflation-fn|US}}).

The bill was next considered in the Senate, where it faced stronger opposition from key Democrats led by [[Arthur Pue Gorman]] of Maryland, who insisted on more protection for their states' industries than the Wilson bill allowed.<ref>Lambert, 213–15</ref> The bill passed the Senate with more than 600 amendments attached that nullified most of the reforms.<ref>The income tax component of the Wilson-Gorman Act was partially ruled unconstitutional in 1895. ''See [[Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.]]''</ref> The [[American Sugar Refining Company|Sugar Trust]] in particular lobbied for changes that favored it at the expense of the consumer.<ref>Nevins, 577–578</ref> Cleveland was outraged with the final bill, and denounced it as a disgraceful product of the control of the Senate by trusts and business interests.<ref name=nevins585>Nevins, 585–587; Jeffers, 288–289</ref> Even so, he believed it was an improvement over the McKinley tariff and allowed it to become law without his signature.<ref name=nevins564a>Nevins, 564–588; Jeffers, 285–289</ref>

===Voting rights===
In 1892, Cleveland had campaigned against the [[Lodge Bill]],<ref>James B. Hedges (1940), "North America", in [[William L. Langer]], ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World History'', Boston:  Houghton Mifflin, Part V, Section G, Subsection 1c, p. 794.</ref> which would have strengthened [[voting rights in the United States|voting rights protections]] through the appointing of federal supervisors of congressional elections upon a petition from the citizens of any district. The [[Enforcement Act of 1871]] had provided for a detailed federal overseeing of the electoral process, from registration to the certification of returns. Cleveland succeeded in ushering in the 1894 repeal of this law (ch. 25, 28 Stat. 36).<ref>Congressional Research Service (2004), ''The Constitution of the United States:  Analysis and Interpretation—Analysis of Cases Decided by the Supreme Court of the United States to June 28, 2002'', Washington: Government Printing Office, "Fifteenth Amendment", "Congressional Enforcement", "Federal Remedial Legislation", p. 2058.</ref> The pendulum thus swung from stronger attempts to protect voting rights to the repealing of voting rights protections; this in turn led to unsuccessful attempts to have the federal courts protect voting rights in ''[[Giles v. Harris]]'', 189 U.S. 475 (1903), and ''Giles v. Teasley'', 193 U.S. 146 (1904).
[[Image:John t morgan.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[John Tyler Morgan|John T. Morgan]], Senator from [[Alabama]], opposed Cleveland on Free Silver, the tariff, and the Hawaii treaty, saying of Cleveland that "I hate the ground that man walks on."<ref>Nevins, 568</ref>]]

===Labor unrest===
The Panic of 1893 had damaged labor conditions across the United States, and the victory of anti-silver legislation worsened the mood of western laborers.<ref name=coxey>Graff, 117–118; Nevins, 603–605</ref> A group of workingmen led by [[Jacob S. Coxey]] began to march east toward Washington, D.C. to protest Cleveland's policies.<ref name=coxey/> This group, known as [[Coxey's Army]], agitated in favor of a national roads program to give jobs to workingmen, and a weakened currency to help farmers pay their debts.<ref name=coxey/> By the time they reached Washington, only a few hundred remained, and when they were arrested the next day for walking on the lawn of the [[United States Capitol]], the group scattered.<ref name=coxey/> Even though Coxey's Army may not have been a threat to the government, it signaled a growing dissatisfaction in the West with Eastern monetary policies.<ref>Graff, 118; Jeffers, 280–281</ref>

===Pullman Strike===

{{Main article|Pullman strike}}

The [[Pullman Strike]] had a significantly greater impact than Coxey's Army. A strike began against the [[Pullman Company]] over low wages and twelve-hour workdays, and sympathy strikes, led by [[American Railway Union]] leader [[Eugene V. Debs]], soon followed.<ref>Nevins, 611–613</ref> By June 1894, 125,000 railroad workers were on strike, paralyzing the nation's commerce.<ref>Nevins, 614</ref> Because the railroads carried the [[U.S. Postal Service|mail]], and because several of the affected lines were in [[Bankruptcy in the United States|federal receivership]], Cleveland believed a federal solution was appropriate.<ref>Nevins, 614–618; Graff, 118–119; Jeffers, 296–297</ref> Cleveland obtained an injunction in federal court, and when the strikers refused to obey it, he sent federal troops into Chicago and 20 other rail centers.<ref>Nevins, 619–623; Jeffers, 298–302. See also ''[[In re Debs]]''.</ref> "If it takes the entire army and navy of the United States to deliver a postcard in Chicago", he proclaimed, "that card will be delivered."<ref>Nevins, 628</ref> Most governors supported Cleveland except Democrat [[John P. Altgeld]] of Illinois, who became his bitter foe in 1896. Leading newspapers of both parties applauded Cleveland's actions, but the use of troops hardened the attitude of organized labor toward his administration.<ref>Nevins, 624–628; Jeffers, 304–305; Graff, 120</ref>

Just before the 1894 election, Cleveland was warned by Francis Lynde Stetson, an advisor:
:"We are on the eve of [a] very dark night, unless a return of commercial prosperity relieves popular discontent with what they believe [is] Democratic incompetence to make laws, and consequently [discontent] with Democratic Administrations anywhere and everywhere."<ref>Francis Lynde Stetson to Cleveland, October 7, 1894 in Allan Nevins, ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908'' (1933) p. 369</ref>

The warning was appropriate, for in the Congressional elections, Republicans won their biggest landslide in decades, taking full control of the House, while the Populists lost most of their support. Cleveland's factional enemies gained control of the Democratic Party in state after state, including full control in Illinois and Michigan, and made major gains in Ohio, Indiana, Iowa and other states. Wisconsin and Massachusetts were two of the few states that remained under the control of Cleveland's allies. The Democratic opposition were close to controlling two-thirds of the vote at the 1896 national convention, which they needed to nominate their own candidate. They failed for lack of unity and a national leader, as Illinois governor John Peter Altgeld had been born in Germany and was ineligible to be nominated for President.<ref>[[Richard J. Jensen]], ''The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888–96'' (1971) pp&nbsp;229–230</ref>

===Foreign policy, 1893–1897===
{{further information|Venezuela Crisis of 1895}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |"I suppose that right and justice should determine the path to be followed in treating this subject. If national honesty is to be disregarded and a desire for territorial expansion or dissatisfaction with a form of government not our own ought to regulate our conduct, I have entirely misapprehended the mission and character of our government and the behavior which the conscience of the people demands of their public servants."
|-
| style="text-align: right;" | '''''Cleveland's message to Congress on the Hawaiian question,''' December 18, 1893''.<ref name=nevins560>Nevins, 560</ref>
|}
When Cleveland took office he faced the question of Hawaiian annexation. In his first term, he had supported free trade with Hawai'i and accepted an amendment that gave the United States a coaling and naval station in [[Pearl Harbor]].<ref name=wealth/> In the intervening four years, Honolulu businessmen of European and American ancestry had denounced Queen [[Liliuokalani]] as a tyrant who rejected constitutional government. In early 1893 they [[Kingdom of Hawaii#Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawai'i|overthrew her]], set up a republican government under [[Sanford B. Dole]], and sought to join the United States.<ref name=nevins549>Nevins, 549–552; Graff 121–122</ref> The Harrison administration had quickly agreed with representatives of the new government on a treaty of annexation and submitted it to the Senate for approval.<ref name=nevins549/> Five days after taking office on March 9, 1893, Cleveland withdrew the treaty from the Senate and sent former Congressman [[James Henderson Blount]] to Hawai'i to investigate the conditions there.<ref name=blount>Nevins, 552–554; Graff, 122</ref>

Cleveland agreed with Blount's report, which found the populace to be opposed to annexation.<ref name=blount/> Liliuokalani initially refused to grant amnesty as a condition of her reinstatement, saying that she would either execute or banish the current government in Honolulu, but Dole's government refused to yield their position.<ref name=nevins558>Nevins, 558–559</ref> By December 1893, the matter was still unresolved, and Cleveland referred the issue to Congress.<ref name=nevins558/> In his message to Congress, Cleveland rejected the idea of annexation and encouraged the Congress to continue the American tradition of non-intervention (see excerpt at right).<ref name=nevins560/> The Senate, under Democratic control but opposed to Cleveland, commissioned and produced the [[Morgan Report]], which contradicted Blount's findings and found the overthrow was a completely internal affair.<ref>Welch, 174</ref> Cleveland dropped all talk of reinstating the Queen, and went on to recognize and maintain diplomatic relations with the new [[Republic of Hawaii]].<ref>McWilliams, 25–36</ref>

Closer to home, Cleveland adopted a broad interpretation of the [[Monroe Doctrine]] that not only prohibited new European colonies, but also declared an American national interest in any matter of substance within the hemisphere.<ref name=wealth2>Zakaria, 145–146</ref> When Britain and [[Venezuela]] disagreed over the boundary between Venezuela and the colony of [[British Guiana]], Cleveland and Secretary of State [[Richard Olney]] protested.<ref>Graff, 123–125; Nevins, 633–642</ref> British Prime Minister [[Robert Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]] and the British ambassador to Washington, [[Julian Pauncefote, 1st Baron Pauncefote|Julian Pauncefote]], misjudged how important successful resolution of the dispute was to the American government, having prolonged the crisis before ultimately accepting the American demand for arbitration.<ref>Paul Gibb, "Unmasterly Inactivity? Sir Julian Pauncefote, Lord Salisbury, and the Venezuela Boundary Dispute", ''Diplomacy & Statecraft'', Mar 2005, Vol. 16 Issue 1, pp 23–55</ref><ref>Nelson M. Blake, "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy", ''American Historical Review'', Vol. 47, No. 2 (Jan. 1942), pp. 259–277 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1841667 in JSTOR]</ref> A tribunal convened in Paris in 1898 to decide the matter, and in 1899 awarded the bulk of the disputed territory to British Guiana.<ref>Graff, 123–25</ref> But by standing with a Latin American nation against the encroachment of a colonial power, Cleveland improved relations with the United States' southern neighbors, and at the same time, the cordial manner in which the negotiations were conducted also made for good relations with Britain.<ref>Nevins, 550, 633–648</ref>

===Military policy, 1893–1897===
The second Cleveland administration was as committed to military modernization as the first, and ordered the first ships of a navy capable of offensive action. Construction continued on the Endicott program of [[Seacoast defense in the United States|coastal fortifications]] begun under Cleveland's first administration.<ref name="Berhow, pp. 9-10"/><ref name="cdsg.org"/> The adoption of the [[Krag–Jørgensen]] rifle, the US Army's first bolt-action repeating rifle, was finalized.<ref name="canfield">Bruce N. Canfield "The Foreign Rifle: U.S. Krag–Jørgensen" ''American Rifleman'' October 2010 pp.86–89,126&129</ref><ref name="NMG">Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militærgeværer etter 1867</ref> In 1895-96 [[Secretary of the Navy]] [[Hilary A. Herbert]], having recently adopted the aggressive naval strategy advocated by Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], successfully proposed ordering five [[battleship]]s (the {{sclass|Kearsarge|battleship|5}} and {{sclass|Illinois|battleship|4}}es) and sixteen [[torpedo boat]]s.<ref>Friedman, pp. 35-38</ref><ref>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 162-165</ref> Completion of these ships nearly doubled the Navy's battleships and created a new torpedo boat force, which previously had only two boats. However, the battleships and seven of the torpedo boats were not completed until 1899–1901, after the Spanish–American War.<ref>Bauer and Roberts, pp. 102-104, 162-165</ref>

===Cancer===
[[Image:Grover Cleveland, painting by Anders Zorn.jpg|upright|left|thumb|Oil painting of Grover Cleveland, painted in 1899 by [[Anders Zorn]]]]
In the midst of the fight for repeal of Free Silver coinage in 1893, Cleveland sought the advice of the White House doctor, Dr. O'Reilly, about soreness on the roof of his mouth and a crater-like edge ulcer with a granulated surface on the left side of Cleveland's [[hard palate]]. Samples of the tumor were sent anonymously to the army medical museum. The diagnosis was not a [[malignant]] cancer, but instead an ''[[epithelioma]]''.<ref name="Renehan">{{cite journal
|title=The oral tumours of two American presidents: what if they were alive today?
|author1=A Renehan |author2=J C Lowry |journal=J R Soc Med.
|date=July 1995
|volume=88
|issue=7
|pages=377–383
|pmc=1295266
|pmid=7562805
}}</ref>

Cleveland decided to have surgery secretly, to avoid further panic that might worsen the financial depression.<ref>Nevins, 528–529; Graff, 115–116</ref> The surgery occurred on July 1, to give Cleveland time to make a full recovery in time for the upcoming Congressional session.<ref>Nevins, 531–533</ref> Under the guise of a vacation cruise, Cleveland and his surgeon, [[Joseph D. Bryant|Dr. Joseph Bryant]], left for New York. The surgeons operated aboard the ''[[USS Adelante (SP-765)|Oneida]]'', a yacht owned by Cleveland's friend [[Elias Cornelius Benedict|E. C. Benedict]], as it sailed off [[Long Island]].<ref>Nevins, 529</ref> The surgery was conducted through the President's mouth, to avoid any scars or other signs of surgery.<ref name=nevins530>Nevins, 530–531</ref> The team, sedating Cleveland with [[nitrous oxide]] and [[Diethyl ether|ether]], successfully removed parts of his [[Maxilla|upper left jaw]] and hard palate.<ref name=nevins530/> The size of the tumor and the extent of the operation left Cleveland's mouth disfigured.<ref name=nevins532>Nevins, 532–533</ref> During another surgery, Cleveland was fitted with a hard rubber dental prosthesis that corrected his speech and restored his appearance.<ref name=nevins532/> A cover story about the removal of two bad teeth kept the suspicious press placated.<ref>Nevins, 533; Graff, 116</ref> Even when a newspaper story appeared giving details of the actual operation, the participating surgeons discounted the severity of what transpired during Cleveland's vacation.<ref name=nevins532/> In 1917, one of the surgeons present on the ''Oneida'', [[William Williams Keen|Dr. William W. Keen]], wrote an article detailing the operation.<ref name="Keen"/>

Cleveland enjoyed many years of life after the tumor was removed, and there was some debate as to whether it was actually malignant.  Several doctors, including Dr. Keen, stated after Cleveland's death that the tumor was a [[carcinoma]].<ref name="Keen">{{cite book |title=The Surgical Operations on President Cleveland in 1893 |last=Keen |first=William W. |year=1917 |publisher=G. W. Jacobs & Co. |url=https://books.google.com/?id=mnUIAAAAIAAJ}} The lump was preserved and is on display at the [[Mütter Museum]] in [[Philadelphia]]</ref>
Other suggestions included [[ameloblastoma]]<ref name="Hardig">{{cite journal
|author=Hardig WG.
|title=Oral surgery and the presidents – a century of contrast
|journal=J Oral Surg
|year=1974
|volume=32
|pages=490–493
|pmid=4601118
|issue=7}}</ref> or a benign salivary mixed tumor (also known as a [[pleomorphic adenoma]]).<ref name="Miller">{{cite journal
|author=Miller JM.
|title=Stephen Grover Cleveland
|journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet
|year=1961
|volume=113
|page=524
}}</ref>
In the 1980s, analysis of the specimen finally confirmed the tumor to be [[verrucous carcinoma]],<ref>{{cite journal
|author1=Brooks JJ |author2=Enterline HT |author3=Aponte GE. |title=The final diagnosis of President Cleveland's lesion
|journal=Trans Stud Coll Physic Philadelphia
|year=1908
|volume=2
|issue=1}}</ref> a low-grade epithelial cancer with a low potential for [[metastasis]].<ref name="Renehan" />
{{Clear}}

===Administration and cabinet===
[[Image:Cleveland Second Cabinet.png|thumb|right|360px|Cleveland's last Cabinet. <br />Front row, left to right: [[Daniel S. Lamont]], [[Richard Olney]], Cleveland, [[John G. Carlisle]], [[Judson Harmon]] <br /> Back row, left to right: [[David R. Francis]], [[William Lyne Wilson]], [[Hilary A. Herbert]], [[Julius S. Morton]] ]]

{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
| Name = Second Cleveland
| align = none
| President = Grover Cleveland
| President start = 1893
| President end = 1897
| Vice President = [[Adlai E. Stevenson I]]
| Vice President start = 1893
| Vice President end = 1897
| State = [[Walter Q. Gresham]]
| State start = 1893
| State end = 1895
| State 2 = [[Richard Olney]]
| State start 2 = 1895
| State end 2 = 1897
| Treasury = [[John G. Carlisle]]
| Treasury start = 1893
| Treasury end = 1897
| War = [[Daniel S. Lamont]]
| War start = 1893
| War end = 1897
| Justice = [[Richard Olney]]
| Justice start = 1893
| Justice end = 1895
| Justice 2 = [[Judson Harmon]]
| Justice start 2 = 1895
| Justice end 2 = 1897
| Post = [[Wilson S. Bissell]]
| Post start = 1893
| Post end = 1895
| Post 2 = [[William Lyne Wilson]]
| Post start 2 = 1895
| Post end 2 = 1897
| Navy = [[Hilary A. Herbert]]
| Navy start = 1893
| Navy end = 1897
| Interior = [[M. Hoke Smith]]
| Interior start = 1893
| Interior end = 1896
| Interior 2 = [[David R. Francis]]
| Interior start 2 = 1896
| Interior end 2 = 1897
| Agriculture = [[Julius Sterling Morton|Julius S. Morton]]
| Agriculture start = 1893
| Agriculture end = 1897
}}
{{Clear}}

===Judicial appointments===
{{main article|List of federal judges appointed by Grover Cleveland}}
[[Image:DavidBHill.jpg|thumb|upright|The objections of Senator [[David B. Hill]] defeated two of Cleveland's Supreme Court nominees.]]
Cleveland's trouble with the Senate hindered the success of his nominations to the Supreme Court in his second term. In 1893, after the death of [[Samuel Blatchford]], Cleveland nominated [[William B. Hornblower]] to the Court.<ref name=nevins569>Nevins, 569–570</ref> Hornblower, the head of a New York City law firm, was thought to be a qualified appointee, but his campaign against a New York machine politician had made Senator [[David B. Hill]] his enemy.<ref name=nevins569/> Further, Cleveland had not consulted the Senators before naming his appointee, leaving many who were already opposed to Cleveland on other grounds even more aggrieved.<ref name=nevins569/> The Senate rejected Hornblower's nomination on January 15, 1894, by a vote of 30 to 24.<ref name=nevins569/>

Cleveland continued to defy the Senate by next appointing [[Wheeler Hazard Peckham]] another New York attorney who had opposed Hill's machine in that state.<ref name=nevins570>Nevins, 570–571</ref> Hill used all of his influence to block Peckham's confirmation, and on February 16, 1894, the Senate rejected the nomination by a vote of 32 to 41.<ref name=nevins570/> Reformers urged Cleveland to continue the fight against Hill and to nominate [[Frederic René Coudert, Sr.|Frederic R. Coudert]], but Cleveland acquiesced in an inoffensive choice, that of Senator [[Edward Douglass White]] of [[Louisiana]], whose nomination was accepted unanimously.<ref name=nevins570/> Later, in 1896, another vacancy on the Court led Cleveland to consider Hornblower again, but he declined to be nominated.<ref name=nevins572>Nevins, 572</ref> Instead, Cleveland nominated [[Rufus Wheeler Peckham]], the brother of Wheeler Hazard Peckham, and the Senate confirmed the second Peckham easily.<ref name=nevins572/>

===States admitted to the Union===
In Cleveland's first term, no new states had been admitted in more than a decade, owing to Congressional Democrats' reluctance to admit states they believed would send Republican members. When Harrison took office, he and the Republican Congress admitted six states—[[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], and [[Wyoming]]—all of which were expected to send Republican delegations. [[Utah]], however, was believed to be Democratic. This, combined with uncertainty about [[Mormon polygamy]] (disavowed in 1890), led it to be excluded from the new states. When Cleveland won election to a second term, he and the Democratic majority in the [[53rd United States Congress]] passed an Enabling Act in 1894 that permitted [[Utah]] to apply for statehood.<ref>{{cite book |title=Monetary Policy in the United States: An Intellectual and Institutional History |last=Timberlake|first=Richard H. |year=1993 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-80384-8 |page=77}}</ref> Utah joined the Union as the 45th state on January 4, 1896.
{{Clear}}

==1896 election and retirement==
[[Image:President Grover Cleveland Restored.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Cleveland in 1903 at age 66 by [[Frederick Gutekunst]]]]
Cleveland's agrarian and silverite enemies gained control of the [[United States presidential election, 1896|Democratic party in 1896]], repudiated his administration and the gold standard, and nominated [[William Jennings Bryan]] on a [[Free Silver|Silver Platform]].<ref>Nevins, 684–693</ref><ref>R. Hal Williams, ''Years of Decision: American Politics in the 1890s'' (1993)</ref> Cleveland silently supported the [[National Democratic Party (United States)|Gold Democrats']] third-party ticket that promised to defend the [[bimetallism|gold standard]], limit government and oppose high tariffs, but he declined their nomination for a third term.<ref>Graff, 128–129</ref> The party won only 100,000 votes in the general election, and [[William McKinley]], the Republican nominee, triumphed easily over Bryan.<ref>{{Leip PV source 2|year=1896| as of=February 23, 2008}}</ref> Agrarians nominated Bryan again in [[United States presidential election, 1900|1900]]. In [[United States presidential election, 1904|1904]] the conservatives, with Cleveland's support, regained control of the Democratic Party and nominated [[Alton B. Parker]].<ref>Nevins, 754–758</ref>

[[File:McKinley sworn in.jpeg|thumb|right|Outgoing President Grover Cleveland, at right, stands nearby as [[William McKinley]] is sworn in as president by [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Justice]] [[Melville Fuller]].]]
After leaving the White House on March 4, 1897, Cleveland lived in retirement at his estate, [[Westland Mansion]], in [[Princeton, New Jersey]].<ref name=graff131>Graff, 131–133; Nevins, 730–735</ref> For a time he was a trustee of [[Princeton University]], and was one of the majority of trustees who preferred Dean West's plans for the Graduate School and undergraduate living over those of [[Woodrow Wilson]], then president of the university.<ref>Graff, p. 131; Alexander Leitch, ''A Princeton Companion'', Princeton Univ Press, 1978, "[http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/cleveland_grover.html Grover Cleveland]"</ref> Cleveland consulted occasionally with President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] (1901–1909), but was financially unable to accept the chairmanship of the commission handling the [[Coal Strike of 1902]].<ref>Nevins, 748–751</ref> Cleveland still made his views known in political matters. In a 1905 article in ''The Ladies Home Journal'', Cleveland weighed in on the [[women's suffrage]] movement, writing that "sensible and responsible women do not want to vote. The relative positions to be assumed by men and women in the working out of our civilization were assigned long ago by a higher intelligence."<ref>''Ladies Home Journal'' 22, (October 1905), 7–8</ref>

In 1906, a group of New Jersey Democrats promoted Cleveland as a possible candidate for the [[United States Senate]].  The incumbent, [[John F. Dryden]], was not seeking re-election, and some Democrats felt that the former President could attract the votes of some disaffected Republican legislators who might be drawn to Cleveland's statesmanship and conservatism.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dryden Forces Gather to Make Their Fight|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9507E4DF1331E733A25752C1A9679D946797D6CF|accessdate=March 4, 2015|work=New York Times|date=November 11, 1906}}</ref>

{{anchor|Death}}
Cleveland's health had been declining for several years, and in the autumn of 1907 he fell seriously ill.<ref name=graff135>Graff, 135–136; Nevins, 762–764</ref> In 1908, he suffered a heart attack and died on June 24 at age 71.<ref name=graff135/> His last words were, "I have tried so hard to do right."<ref>Jeffers, 340; Graff, 135. Nevins makes no mention of these last words.</ref> He is buried in the [[Princeton Cemetery]] of the [[Nassau Presbyterian Church]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Roberts | first1 = Russell | title = Discover the Hidden New Jersey | publisher = Rutgers University Press | year = 1995 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JSV6vZkLt1wC&dq | accessdate = 2012-08-22 | isbn = 978-0-8135-2252-4}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Honors and memorials==
{{stack|
[[File:US-$1000-GC-1934-Fr.2409.jpg|thumb|[[United States one thousand-dollar bill|$1000]] [[Gold Certificate]] (1934) depicting Grover Cleveland.]]
[[File:Grover Cleveland 1923 Issue-12c.jpg|thumb|125px|Cleveland postage stamp issued in 1923]]
}}
In his first term in office, Cleveland sought a summer house to escape the heat and smells of Washington, D.C., near enough the capital. He secretly bought a farmhouse, Oak View (or Oak Hill), in a rural upland part of the District of Columbia, in 1886, and remodeled it into a [[Queen Anne style architecture in the United States|Queen Anne style]] summer estate. He sold Oak View upon losing his bid for re-election in 1888.  Not long thereafter, suburban residential development reached the area, which came to be known as Oak View, and then Cleveland Heights, and eventually [[Cleveland Park]].<ref>Kimberly Prothro Williams, ''Cleveland Park Historic District'' brochure, D.C. Preservation League, 2001.</ref> The Clevelands are depicted in local murals.<ref>See, ''e.g.''{{cite web |url=http://www.clevelandparkdc.org/cphistory.htm |title=A Brief History of Cleveland Park |publisher= Cleveland Park Historical Society|accessdate=April 8, 2009}}</ref>

Grover Cleveland Hall at [[Buffalo State College]] in Buffalo, New York. Cleveland Hall houses the offices of the college president, vice presidents, and other administrative functions and student services. Cleveland was a member of the first board of directors of the then Buffalo Normal School.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwwu.buffalostate.edu/tour/tours/view/campus/15 |title=Buffalo State College Cleveland Hall |accessdate=November 11, 2009}}</ref> [[Grover Cleveland Middle School (Caldwell, New Jersey)|Grover Cleveland Middle School]] in his birthplace, [[Caldwell, New Jersey]], was named for him, as is [[Grover Cleveland High School (Buffalo, New York)|Grover Cleveland High School]] in Buffalo, New York, and the town of [[Cleveland, Mississippi]]. [[Mount Cleveland (Alaska)|Mount Cleveland]], a volcano in Alaska, is also named after him.<ref>{{cite web|title=The geology, Geochemistry, and Petrology of the recent Magmatic Phase of the Central and Western Aleutian Arc|url=http://www.avo.alaska.edu/pdfs/cit1997_5.0.pdf|publisher=[[University of Wyoming]]|accessdate=September 9, 2010|author=James D. Myers|format=Unpublished manuscript|year=1994|page=41}}</ref> In 1895 he became the first U.S. President who was filmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidentsgraves.com/grover%20cleveland%20twenty-fourth%20president.htm |title=Grover Cleveland 24th President |publisher=Presidentsgraves.com |date=June 24, 1908 |accessdate=October 17, 2012}}</ref>

The first U.S. postage stamp to honor Cleveland appeared in 1923.  This twelve-cent issue accompanied a thirteen-cent stamp in the same definitive series that depicted his old rival Benjamin Harrison.  Cleveland's only two subsequent stamp appearances have been in issues devoted to the full roster of U.S. Presidents, released, respectively, in 1938 and 1986.

Cleveland's portrait was on the U.S. [[Large denominations of United States currency|$1000 bill]] of series 1928 and series 1934. He also appeared on the first few issues of the [[United States twenty dollar bill#Federal Reserve history|$20]] [[Federal Reserve Note]]s from 1914. Since he was both the 22nd and 24th president, he was featured on two separate dollar coins released in 2012 as part of the [[Presidential $1 Coin Program|Presidential $1 Coin Act of 2005]].

==See also==
* [[Grover Cleveland Birthplace]]
* [[Presidencies of Grover Cleveland]]
* [[List of children of the Presidents of the United States#Grover Cleveland and Maria Halpin|Child with Maria Halpin]]
* [[List of children of the Presidents of the United States#Grover and Frances Cleveland|Children with Frances Cleveland]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
'''Scholarly books'''

* {{cite book | last = Bauer | first = K. Jack | authorlink = K. Jack Bauer | author2=Roberts, Stephen S. | title = Register of Ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: Major Combatants | publisher = Greenwood Press | year = 1991 | location = [[Westport, Connecticut]] | page =  | url = | doi = | isbn = 0-313-26202-0 }}
* Bard, Mitchell. "Ideology and Depression Politics I: Grover Cleveland (1893–1897)" ''Presidential Studies Quarterly'' 1985 15(1): 77–88. {{ISSN|0360-4918}}
* [[David T. Beito|Beito, David T.]] and [[Linda Royster Beito|Beito, Linda Royster]],"Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900," ''Independent Review'' 4 (Spring 2000), 555–75.
* {{cite book | last1 = Berhow | first1 = Mark A., Ed. | last2 = | first2 = | title = American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide, Third Edition | location = McLean, Virginia | publisher = CDSG Press | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-0-9748167-3-9}}
* Blake, Nelson M. "Background of Cleveland's Venezuelan Policy." ''American Historical Review'' 1942 47(2): 259–277. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/1841667 in Jstor]
* Blodgett, Geoffrey. "Ethno-cultural Realities in Presidential Patronage: Grover Cleveland's Choices" ''New York History'' 2000 81(2): 189–210. {{ISSN|0146-437X}} when a German American leader called for fewer appointments of Irish Americans, Cleveland instead appointed more Germans
* Blodgett, Geoffrey. "The Emergence of Grover Cleveland: a Fresh Appraisal" ''New York History'' 1992 73(2): 132–168. {{ISSN|0146-437X}} covers Cleveland to 1884
* Blum, John. ''The National Experience'' (1993) ISBN 0-15-500366-6
* Brodsky, Alan. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Character'', (2000). ISBN 0-312-26883-1
* {{cite book|title=Benjamin Harrison|author=Calhoun, Charles William|year=2005|isbn=0-8050-6952-6|publisher=Macmillan|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5mLuIx6z1qcC&dq=benjamin+harrison}}
* Cleaver, Nick. ''Grover Cleveland's New Foreign Policy: Arbitration, Neutrality, and the Dawn of American Empire'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
* DeSantis, Vincent P. "Grover Cleveland: Another Look." ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1980 3(1–2): 41–50. {{ISSN|0364-5924}}, argues his energy, honesty, and devotion to duty—much more than his actual accomplishments established his claim to greatness.
* Dewey, Davis R. '' National Problems: 1880–1897'' (1907), [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=9950113 online edition]
* Doenecke, Justus. "Grover Cleveland and the Enforcement of the Civil Service Act" ''Hayes Historical Journal'' 1984 4(3): 44–58. {{ISSN|0364-5924}}
* Faulkner, Harold U. ''Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900'' (1959), [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=8541336 online edition]
* Ford, Henry Jones. ''The Cleveland Era: A Chronicle of the New Order in Politics'' (1921), [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext02/cleve10.txt short overview online]
* Gould, Lewis. ''America in the Progressive Era, 1890–1914'' (2001) ISBN 0-582-35671-7
* Graff, Henry F. ''Grover Cleveland'' (2002). ISBN 0-8050-6923-2, short biography by scholar
* Grossman, Mark, ''Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed'' (2003) ISBN 1-57607-060-3.
* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric & Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57–77. {{ISSN|1094-8392}}
* Hirsch, Mark D. ''William C. Whitney, Modern Warwick'' (1948), biography of key political associate
* Hoffman, Karen S. "'Going Public' in the Nineteenth Century: Grover Cleveland's Repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act" ''Rhetoric and Public Affairs'' 2002 5(1): 57–77. [http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/rhetoric_and_public_affairs/summary/v005/5.1hoffman.html in Project MUSE]
* Hoffmann, Charles. "The depression of the nineties." ''Journal of Economic History'' 16#2 (1956): 137-164. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2114113 in JSTOR]
* Hoffmann, Charles. ''Depression of the nineties; an economic history'' (1970_
* Jeffers, H. Paul, ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland'' (2000), ISBN 0-380-97746-X.
* Kelley, Robert, "Presbyterianism, Jacksonianism and Grover Cleveland", "American Quarterly" 1966 18(4): 615–636. [http://www.jstor.org/pss/2711386 in JSTOR]
* Lambert, John R. ''Arthur Pue Gorman'' (1953)
* Lynch, G. Patrick "U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century: Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered." ''Polity'' 35#1 (2002) pp 29–50. in JSTOR, focus on election of 1884
* McElroy, Robert. ''Grover Cleveland, the Man and the Statesman: An Authorized Biography'' (1923) Vol. I, Vol. II, old fashioned narrative
* McFarland, Gerald W. ''Mugwumps, morals, & politics, 1884–1920'' (1975) ISBN 0-87023-175-8
* McWilliams, Tennant S., "James H. Blount, the South, and Hawaiian Annexation." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 1988 57(1): 25–46. in JSTOR.
* Merrill, Horace Samuel. ''Bourbon Leader: Grover Cleveland and the Democratic Party'' (1957) 228pp
* Morgan, H. Wayne. ''From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896'' (1969).
* [[Allan Nevins|Nevins, Allan]]. ''Grover Cleveland: A Study in Courage'' (1932) Pulitzer Prize-winning biography, the major resource on Cleveland.
* Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. ''A History of the United States since the Civil War. Volume V, 1888–1901'' (Macmillan, 1937).  791pp; comprehensive old-fashioned political history 
* Reitano, Joanne R. ''The Tariff Question in the Gilded Age: The Great Debate of 1888'' (1994). ISBN 0-271-01035-5.
* Rhodes, James Ford. ''History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850: 1877-1896'' (1919) [https://books.google.com/books?id=8Et2AAAAMAAJ online complete]; old, factual and heavily political, by winner of Pulitzer Prize
* Sturgis, Amy H. ed. ''Presidents from Hayes Through McKinley: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents'' (Greenwood, 2003).
* Summers, Mark Wahlgren. ''Rum, Romanism & Rebellion: The Making of a President, 1884'' (2000). ISBN 0-8078-4849-2. campaign techniques and issues [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=104865169 online edition]
* [[Rexford Guy Tugwell|Tugwell, Rexford Guy]], ''Grover Cleveland'' Simon & Schuster, Inc. (1968).
* Welch, Richard E. Jr. ''The Presidencies of Grover Cleveland'' (1988) ISBN 0-7006-0355-7, scholarly study of the presidential years
* [[Woodrow Wilson|Wilson, Woodrow]], ''Mr. Cleveland as President'' ''Atlantic Monthly'' (March 1897): pp.&nbsp;289–301 online; Wilson later became president
* [[Fareed Zakaria|Zakaria, Fareed]] ''From Wealth to Power'' (1999) Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-01035-8.

'''Primary sources'''
* Cleveland, Grover. ''The Writings and Speeches of Grover Cleveland'' (1892) [https://archive.org/details/writingsandspee01clevgoog online edition]
* Cleveland, Grover. ''Presidential Problems.'' (1904) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0P8cAAAAMAAJ online edition]
* Nevins, Allan ed. ''Letters of Grover Cleveland, 1850–1908'' (1933)
* {{cite book|author=National Democratic Committee|url=https://books.google.com/?id=VIwkzQzzbl4C|title=Campaign Text-book of the National Democratic Party|year=1896}}, handbook of the Gold Democrats, who admired Cleveland
* Sturgis, Amy H. ed. ''Presidents from Hayes through McKinley, 1877–1901: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents'' (2003) [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=102138409 online edition]
* Wilson, William L. ''The Cabinet Diary of William L. Wilson, 1896–1897'' (1957) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-cabinet-diary-of-william-l-wilson-1896-1897-by-william-l-wilson.jsp online edition]
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Grover Cleveland |n=no |b=no |s=Author:Grover Cleveland |v=no}}
'''Official'''
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/grovercleveland22 White House biography]

'''Letters and Speeches'''
* [http://millercenter.org/president/speeches#cleveland Text of a number of Cleveland's speeches] at the [[Miller Center of Public Affairs]]
* [http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/vc19810.htm Finding Aid to the Grover Cleveland Manuscripts, 1867-1908] at the [[New York State Library]], accessed May 11, 2016
* [http://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/groverclevelandlet/ 10 letters written by Grover Cleveland in 1884-86]
* [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Cleveland-Grover Grover Cleveland Personal Manuscripts] 

'''Media coverage'''
* {{NYT topic|people/c/grover_cleveland}}

'''Other'''
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/cleveland/index.html Grover Cleveland: A Resource Guide], [[Library of Congress]]
* [https://www.worldcat.org/profiles/BECHS/lists/3508848?view=&count=100&se=ts&sd=asc&qt=sort_ts_asc%20target= Grover Cleveland]: A bibliography by The [[Buffalo History Museum]]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=ztsjq7JTPJAg.kFIhQuktgFMA Grover Cleveland Sites in Buffalo, NY]: A Google Map developed by The [[Buffalo History Museum]]
* [http://www.loc.gov/item/64060012/ Index to the Grover Cleveland Papers at the Library of Congress]
* [http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/cleveland Essay on Cleveland and each member of his cabinet and First Lady], Miller Center of Public Affairs
*[http://www.c-span.org/video/?151466-1/life-portrait-grover-cleveland "Life Portrait of Grover Cleveland"], from [[C-SPAN]]'s ''[[American Presidents: Life Portraits]]'', August 13, 1999
* [http://www.booknotes.org/Watch/157925-1/H+Paul+Jeffers.aspx Interview with H. Paul Jeffers on ''An Honest President: The Life and Presidencies of Grover Cleveland''], ''[[Booknotes]]'' (2000)
* {{Gutenberg author | id=Cleveland,+Grover | name=Grover Cleveland}}
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Grover Cleveland}}
*{{iMDb name|0166479}}

{{Navboxes
|title=Offices and distinctions
|list1=
{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alexander Brush]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of mayors of Buffalo, New York|Mayor of Buffalo]]|years=1882}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Marcus M. Drake]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Alonzo B. Cornell]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor of New York]]|years=1883–1885}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David B. Hill]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Chester A. Arthur]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the United States]]|years=1885–1889}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Benjamin Harrison]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Benjamin Harrison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=President of the United States|years=1893–1897}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William McKinley]]}}
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lucius Robinson]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=New York [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[New York gubernatorial elections|nominee]] for Governor|years=[[New York state election, 1882|1882]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[David B. Hill]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Winfield Scott Hancock]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] [[List of United States Democratic Party presidential tickets|nominee]] for <br> President of the United States|years=[[United States presidential election, 1884|1884]], [[United States presidential election, 1888|1888]], [[United States presidential election, 1892|1892]]}}
{{s-aft|after=[[William Jennings Bryan]]}}
{{s-hon}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Benjamin Harrison]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Oldest living President of the United States]]|years=1901–1908}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Theodore Roosevelt]]}}
{{s-end}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Grover Cleveland
|list1=
{{US Presidents}}
{{USDemPresNominees}}
{{Governors of New York}}
{{BuffaloMayors}}
{{Cleveland 22 cabinet}}
{{Cleveland 24 cabinet}}
}}
{{Hall of Fame for Great Americans}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Government of the United States|New Jersey|New York|Politics}}
{{featured article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cleveland, Grover}}
[[Category:1837 births]]
[[Category:1908 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century American politicians]]
[[Category:American executioners]]
[[Category:American libertarians]]
[[Category:American people of English descent]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:American people of Scotch-Irish descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Princeton Cemetery]]
[[Category:Christian libertarians]]
[[Category:Conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Democratic Party Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Democratic Party state governors of the United States]]
[[Category:Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Governors of New York]]
[[Category:Grover Cleveland| ]]
[[Category:Grover Cleveland family]]
[[Category:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees]]
[[Category:History of the United States (1865–1918)]]
[[Category:Mayors of Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:New York Democrats]]
[[Category:New York lawyers]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Erie County, New York]]
[[Category:People from Buffalo, New York]]
[[Category:People from Caldwell, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Clinton, Oneida County, New York]]
[[Category:People from Fayetteville, New York]]
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1884]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1888]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1892]]