Editing Futurism

'''Futurism''' was an [[Art movement|artistic]] and social movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere.  The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including [[painting]], [[sculpture]], [[ceramic art|ceramics]], [[graphic design]], [[industrial design]], [[interior design]], [[theatre]], [[film]], [[fashion]], [[textiles]], [[literature]], music, [[architecture]] and even [[Futurist meals|gastronomy]].

==Futurism in Italy 1910-1914==

The founder of Futurism and its most influential personality was the Italian writer [[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]]. Marinetti launched the movement in his ''[[Futurist Manifesto]]'', which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in ''La gazzetta dell'Emilia'', an article then reproduced in  the French daily newspaper ''[[Le Figaro]]'' on 20 February 1909. He was soon joined by the painters [[Umberto Boccioni]], [[Carlo Carrà]], [[Giacomo Balla]], [[Gino Severini]] and the composer [[Luigi Russolo]]. 

Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past", he wrote, "we the young and strong ''Futurists!''"  The Futurists admired [[speed]], [[technology]], youth and [[violence]], the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over [[nature]], and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in science.  

Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking.<ref>Umbro Apollonio (ed.), ''Futurist Manifestos'', MFA Publications, 2001 ISBN: 9780878466276</ref> 

The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme, which the Futurists attempted to create in their subsequent ''Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting''.  This committed them to a "universal dynamism", which was to be directly represented in painting.  Objects in reality were not separate from one another or from their surroundings:  "The sixteen people around you in a rolling motor bus are in turn and at the same time one, ten four three; they are motionless and they change places.  ...  The motor bus rushes into the houses which it passes, and in their turn the houses throw themselves upon the motor bus and are blended with it."<ref name=Tech>[http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techpaint.html Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> 

The Futurist painters were slow to develop a distinctive style and subject matter. In 1910 and 1911 they used the techniques of [[Divisionism]], breaking light and color down into a field of stippled dots and stripes, which had been originally created by [[Giovanni Segantini]] and others.  Later, Severini, who lived in Paris, attributed their backwardness in style and method at this time to their distance from Paris, the centre of avant garde art.<ref>Severini, G., ''The Life of a Painter'', Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-691-04419-8</ref> Severini was the first to come into contact with [[Cubism]] and following a visit to Paris in 1911 the Futurist painters adopted the methods of the Cubists.  Cubism offered them a means of analysing energy in paintings and expressing dynamism.

[[Image:Umberto Boccioni 001.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Umberto Boccioni]], ''The City Rises'' (1910)]]

They often painted modern urban scenes.  Carrà's ''[[Funeral of the Anarchist Galli]]'' (1910-11) is a large canvas representing events that the artist had himself been involved in in 1904.  The action of a police attack and riot is rendered energetically with diagonals and broken planes.  His ''Leaving the Theatre'' (1910-11) uses a Divisionist technique to render isolated and faceless figures trudging home at night under street lights.  

Boccioni's ''The City Rises'' (1910) represents scenes of construction and manual labour with a huge, rearing red horse in the centre foreground, which workmen struggle to control.  His ''States of Mind'', in three large panels, ''The Farewell'', ''Those who Go'', and ''Those Who Stay'', "made his first great statement of Futurist painting, bringing his interests in [[Bergson]], Cubism and the individual's complex experience of the modern world together in what has been described as one of the 'minor masterpieces' of early twentieth century painting."<ref name=Humphreys>Humphreys, R. ''Futurism'', Tate Gallery, 1999</ref>  The work attempts to convey feelings and sensations experienced in time, using new means of expression, including "lines of force", which were intended to convey the directional tendencies of objects through space, "simultaneity", which combined memories, present impressions and anticipation of future events, and "emotional ambience" in which the artist seeks by intuition to link sympathies between the exterior scene and interior emotion.<ref name=Humphreys/>

Boccioni's intentions in art were strongly influenced by the ideas of Bergson, including the idea of [[Intuition (Bergson)|intuition]], which Bergson defined as a simple, indivisible experience of sympathy through which one is moved into the inner being of an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it.  The Futurists aimed through their art thus to enable the viewer to apprehend the inner being of what they depicted.  Boccioni developed these ideas at length in his book, ''Pittura scultura Futuriste: Dinamismo plastico'' (''Futurist Painting Sculpture: Plastic Dynamism'') (1914).<ref>For detailed discussions of Boccioni's debt to Bergson, see Petrie, Brian, "Boccioni and Bergson", ''The Burlington Magazine'', Vol. 116, No.852, March 1974, pp.140-147, and Antliff, Mark "The Fourth Dimension and Futurism: A Politicized Space", ''The Art Bulletin'', December 2000, pp.720-733.</ref>

Balla's ''Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash'' (1912) exemplifies the Futurists' insistence that the perceived world is in constant movement.  The painting depicts a dog whose legs, tail and leash - and the feet of the person walking it - have been multiplied to a blur of movement.  It illustrates the precepts of the ''Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting'' that, "On account of the persistency of an image upon the retina, moving objects constantly multiply themselves; their form changes like rapid vibrations, in their mad career.  Thus a running horse has not four legs, but twenty, and their movements are triangular."<ref name=Tech/>  His ''Rhythm of the Bow'' (1912) similarly depicts the movements of a violinist's hand and instrument, rendered in rapid strokes within a triangular frame.

The adoption of Cubism determined the style of much subsequent Futurist painting, which Boccioni and Severini in particular continued to render in the broken colors and short brush-strokes of divisionism.  But Futurist painting differed in both subject matter and treatment from the quiet and static Cubism of [[Picasso]], [[Braque]] and [[Juan Gris|Gris]]. Although there were Futurist portraits (e.g. Carrà's  ''Woman with Absinthe'' (1911),  Severini's ''Self-Portrait'' (1912), and Boccioni's  ''Matter'' (1912)), it was the urban scene and vehicles in motion that typified Futurist painting - e.g. Severini's ''Dynamic Hieroglyph of the Bal Tabarin'' (1912) and Russolo's ''Automobile at Speed'' (1913)

[[Image:'Unique Forms of Continuity in Space', 1913 bronze by Umberto Boccioni.jpg|thumb|Umberto Boccioni, ''[[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space]]'' (1913)]][[Image:Santelia01.jpg|thumb|An example of [[Futurist architecture]] by [[Antonio Sant'Elia]]]]

In 1912 and 1913, Boccioni turned to sculpture to translate into three dimensions his Futurist ideas.  In ''[[Unique Forms of Continuity in Space]]'' (1913) he attempted to realise the relationship between the object and its environment, which was central to his theory of "dynamism".  The sculpture represents a striding figure, cast in bronze posthumously and exhibited in the [[Tate Britain|Tate Gallery]]. (It now appears on the national side of [[Italian euro coins|Italian 20 eurocent coins]]). He explored the theme further in ''Synthesis of Human Dynamism'' (1912), ''Speeding Muscles'' (1913) and ''Spiral Expansion of Speeding Muscles'' (1913).  His ideas on sculpture were published in the ''Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture''<ref>[http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/techsculpt.html Technical Manifesto of Futurist Sculpture<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  In 1915 Balla also turned to sculpture making abstract "reconstructions", which were created out of various materials, were apparently moveable and even made noises.  He said that, after making twenty pictures in which he had studied the velocity of automobiles, he understood that "the single plane of the canvas did not permit the suggestion of the dynamic volume of speed in depth ... I felt the need to construct the first dynamic plastic complex with iron wires, cardboard planes, cloth and tissue paper, etc."<ref name=MartinM>Martin, Marianne W. ''Futurist Art and Theory'', Hacker Art Books, New York, 1978</ref>

In 1914, personal quarrels and artistic differences between the Milan group, around Marinetti, Boccioni, and Balla, and the Florence group, around Carrà, [[Ardengo Soffici]] (1879-1964) and [[Giovanni Papini]] (1881-1956), created a rift in Italian Futurism.  The Florence group resented the dominance of Marinetti and Boccioni, whom they accused of trying to establish "an immobile church with an infallible creed", and each group dismissed the other as ''passéiste''.

Futurism had from the outset admired violence and was intensely patriotic.  The ''Futurist Manifesto'' had declared, "We will glorify war - the world's only hygiene - militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman."<ref>[http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/manifesto.html The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  Although it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913.<ref name=MartinM/>  Then, fearing the re-election of [[Giovanni Giolitti|Giolitti]], Marinetti published a political manifesto.  In 1914 the Futurists began to campaign actively against the [[Austro-Hungarian empire]], which still controlled some Italian territories, and Italian neutrality between the major powers. In September, Boccioni, seated in the balcony of the Teatro dal Verme in Milan, tore up an Austrian flag and threw it into the audience, while Marinetti waved an Italian flag.  When Italy entered the [[First World War]] in 1915, many Futurists enlisted.<ref>Adler, Jerry, "Back to the Future", The New Yorker, September 6, 2004, p.103</ref> 

The outbreak of war disguised the fact that Italian Futurism had come to an end. The Florence group had formally acknowledged their withdrawal from the movement by the end of 1914.  Boccioni produced only one war picture and was killed in 1916.  Severini painted some significant war pictures in 1915 (e.g. ''War'', ''Armored Train'', and ''Red Cross Train''), but in Paris turned towards Cubism and post-war was associated with the [[Return to Order]]. 

After the war, Marinetti revived the movement.  This revival was called ''il secondo Futurismo'' (Second Futurism) by writers in the 1960s.  The art historian [[Giovanni Lista]] has classified Futurism by decades: “Plastic Dynamism” for the first decade, “Mechanical Art” for the 1920s, “Aeroaesthetics” for the 1930s.

==Futurist architecture==
The Futurist architect [[Antonio Sant'Elia]] expressed his ideas of modernity in his drawings for ''La Città Nuova'' (The New City) (1912-1914).  This project was never built and Sant'Elia was killed in the First World War, but his ideas influenced later generations of architects and artists. 

Futurist architects were sometimes at odds with the Fascist state's tendency towards [[Roman Empire|Roman imperial]]/classical aesthetic patterns. Nevertheless, several interesting Futurist buildings were built in the years 1920–1940, including public buildings such as railway stations, maritime resorts and [[post office]]s.  Good examples of Futurist buildings still in use today are [[Trento]]'s railway station, built by [[Angiolo Mazzoni]], and the [[Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station|Santa Maria Novella station]] in [[Florence]].  The Florence station was designed in 1932 by the ''Gruppo Toscano'' (Tuscan Group) of architects, which included [[Giovanni Michelucci]] and [[Italo Gamberini]], with contributions by Mazzoni.

==Russian Futurism==
{{Main|Russian Futurism|Cubo-Futurism}}

[[Image:Goncharova cyclist.jpg‎|thumb|[[Natalia Goncharova]], ''Cyclist'', 1913]]
Russian Futurism was a movement of literature and the visual arts. The poet [[Vladimir Mayakovsky]] was a prominent member of the movement. Visual artists such as [[David Burlyuk]], [[Mikhail Larionov]], [[Natalia Goncharova]] and [[Kazimir Malevich]] found inspiration in the imagery of Futurist writings and were poets themselves. Other painters adopting Futurism included [[Velimir Khlebnikov]] and [[Aleksey Kruchenykh]]. Poets and painters collaborated on theatre production such as the Futurist opera ''[[Victory Over the Sun]]'', with texts by Kruchenykh and sets by Malevich. 

The main style of painting was [[Cubo-Futurism]], adopted in 1913 when [[Aristarkh Lentulov]] returned from Paris and exhibited his paintings in Moscow.  Cubo-Futurism combines the forms of [[Cubism]] with the representation of movement.  Like their Italian predecessors the Russian Futurists were fascinated with dynamism, speed and the restlessness of modern urban life. 

The Russian Futurists sought controversy by repudiating the art of the past, saying that [[Pushkin]] and [[Dostoevsky]] should be "heaved overboard from the steamship of modernity". They acknowledged no authority and professed not to owe anything even to Marinetti, whose principles they had earlier adopted, obstructing him when he came to Russia to proselytize in 1914. 

The movement began to decline after the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|revolution of 1917]]. Some Futurists died, others emigrated. Mayakovsky and Malevich became part of the [[Soviet]] establishment and the [[Agitprop]] movement of the 1920s. Khlebnikov and others were persecuted.

==Futurism in music==
{{main|Futurism (music)}}

[[File:Intonarumori-veduta.jpg|right|thumb|Futurist musicians [[Luigi Russolo]] (left) and Ugo Piatti with ''[[intonarumori]]''.]]
Futurist music rejected tradition and introduced experimental sounds inspired by machinery.  It influenced several 20th century composers.

[[Francesco Balilla Pratella]] joined the Futurist movement in 1910 and wrote a ''Manifesto of Futurist Musicians'' in which he appealed to the young, as had Marinetti, because only they could understand what he had to say.  According to Pratella, Italian music was inferior to music abroad.  He praised the "sublime genius" of [[Wagner]] and saw some value in the work of other contemporary composers, for example [[Richard Strauss]], [[Elgar]], [[Mussorgsky]], and [[Sibelius]].  By contrast, the Italian [[symphony]] was dominated by [[opera]] in an "absurd and anti-musical form".  The [[College or university school of music|conservatories]] encouraged backwardness and mediocrity.  The publishers perpetuated mediocrity and the domination of music by the "rickety and vulgar" operas of [[Puccini]] and [[Umberto Giordano]].  The only Italian Pratella could praise was his teacher [[Pietro Mascagni]], because he had rebelled against the publishers and attempted innovation in opera, but even Mascagni was too traditional for Pratella's tastes.  In the face of this mediocrity and conservatism, Pratella unfurled "the red flag of Futurism, calling to its flaming symbol such young composers as have hearts to love and fight, minds to conceive, and brows free of cowardice".

[[Luigi Russolo]] (1885-1947) wrote ''[[The Art of Noises]]'' (1913),<ref>[http://www.thereminvox.com/article/articleview/117 The Art of Noises on Thereimin Vox]</ref><ref> [http://www.obsolete.com/120_years/machines/futurist/art_of_noise.html The Art of Noises]</ref> an influential text in 20th century musical aesthetics. Russolo used instruments he called ''[[intonarumori]]'', which were [[Musical acoustics|acoustic]] [[noise]] generators that permitted the performer to create and control the [[Dynamics (music)|dynamics]] and [[pitch (music)|pitch]] of several different types of noises.  Russolo and Marinetti gave the first concert of Futurist music, complete with ''intonarumori'', in 1914. 

Futurism was one of several 20th century movements in art music that paid homage to, included or imitated machines. [[Feruccio Busoni]] has been seen as anticipating some Futurist ideas, though he remained wedded to tradition.<ref>[http://www.ubu.com/papers/lombardi.html Daniele Lombardi in ''Futurism and Musical Notes'']</ref>  Russolo's ''intonarumori'' influenced [[Stravinsky]], [[Honegger]], [[Antheil]], [[Edgar Varèse]],<ref name=Humphreys/> [[Stockhausen]] and [[John Cage]].{{Fact|date=December 2008}} In [[Pacific 231]], Honegger imitated the sound of a steam locomotive.  There are also Futurist elements in [[Prokofiev]]'s ''The Steel Step''.

Most notable in this respect, however, is [[George Antheil]].  His fascination with machinery is evident in his ''Airplane Sonata'', ''Death of the Machines'', and the 30-minute ''[[Ballet mécanique]]''.  The ''Ballet mécanique'' was originally intended to accompany an experimental film by [[Fernand Léger]], but the musical score is twice the length of the film and now stands alone.  The score calls for a percussion ensemble consisting of three xylophones, four bass drums, a tam-tam, three airplane propellers, seven electric bells, a siren, two "live pianists", and sixteen synchronized player pianos. Antheil's piece was the first to synchronize machines with human players and to exploit the difference between what machines and humans can play.

== Futurism in literature ==
{{Main|Futurism (literature)}}
'''Futurism''' as a literary movement made its official debut with F.T. Marinetti's ''[[Futurist Manifesto|Manifesto of Futurism]]'' (1909), as it delineated the various ideals Futurist poetry should strive for. Poetry, the predominate medium of Futurist literature, can be characterized by its unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem).  The Futurists called their style of poetry ''parole in libertà'' (word autonomy) in which all ideas of meter were rejected and the word became the main unit of concern. In this way, the Futurists managed to create a new language free of syntax punctuation, and metrics that allowed for free expression.

Theater also has an important place within the Futurist universe. Works in this genre have scenes that are few sentences long, have an emphasis on nonsensical humor, and attempt to discredit the deep rooted traditions via parody and other devaluation techniques.

== Futurism in film==
{{see also|Italian Futurism (cinema)}}
When interviewed about her favorite film of all times<ref>Barra, Allen ([[2002-11-20]]). [http://dir.salon.com/story/books/review/2002/11/20/kael/index1.html "Afterglow: A Last Conversation With Pauline Kael" by Francis Davis], ''Salon.com''. Retrieved on 2008-10-19</ref>, famed movie critic [[Pauline Kael]] stated that the director [[Dimitri Kirsanoff]], in his silent [[experimental film]] ''[[Ménilmontant (film)|Ménilmontant]]'' "developed a technique that suggests the movement known in painting as Futurism"<ref>[http://www.geocities.com/paulinekaelreviews/m5.html Pauline Kael: Reviews A-Z]</ref>.

==Futurism in the 1920s and 1930s==

Many Italian Futurists supported [[Fascism]] in the hope of modernizing a country divided between the industrialising north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, against parliamentary democracy, radicals and admirers of violence. Marinetti founded the Futurist Political Party (''Partito Politico Futurista'') in early 1918, which was absorbed into [[Benito Mussolini]]'s ''[[Fasci di combattimento]]'' in 1919, making Marinetti one of the first members of the [[National Fascist Party]]. He opposed Fascism's later exaltation of existing institutions, calling them "reactionary", and walked out of the 1920 Fascist party congress in disgust, withdrawing from politics for three years; but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944. The Futurists' association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and the ability to carry out important work, especially in [[architecture]]. After the [[Second World War]], many Futurists artists had difficulty in their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime.

Marinetti sought to make Futurism the official state art of Fascist Italy but failed to do so.  Mussolini was personally uninterested in art and chose to give patronage to numerous styles and movements in order to keep artists loyal to the regime. Opening the exhibition of art by the [[Novecento Italiano]] group in 1923 he said, "I declare that it is far from my idea to encourage anything like a state art.  Art belongs to the domain of the individual.  The state has only one duty: not to undermine art, to provide humane conditions for artists, to encourage them from the artistic and national point of view."<ref>Quoted in Braun, Emily, ''Mario Sironi and Italian Modernism: Art and Politics under Fascism'', Cambridge University Press, 2000</ref>  Mussolini's mistress, [[Margherita Sarfatti]], who was as able a cultural entrepreneur as Marinetti, successfully promoted the rival Novecento group, and even persuaded Marinetti to sit on its board.  Although in the early years of Italian Fascism modern art was tolerated and even embraced, towards the end of the 1930s, right-wing Fascists introduced the concept of "degenerate art" from Germany to Italy and condemned Futurism.

Marinetti made numerous moves to ingratiate himself with the regime, becoming less radical and avant garde with each.  He moved from Milan to Rome to be nearer the centre of things.  He became an academician despite his condemnation of academies, married despite his condemnation of marriage, promoted religious art after the [[Lateran Treaty]] of 1929 and even reconciled himself to the Catholic Church, declaring that Jesus was a Futurist.

Although Futurism became identified with Fascism, it had leftist and anti-Fascist supporters.  They tended to oppose Marinetti's artistic and political direction of the movement, and in 1924 the socialists, communists and anarchists walked out of the Milan Futurist Congress. The anti-Fascist voices in Futurism were not completely silenced until the annexation of Ethiopia and the Italo-German Pact of Steel in 1939.<ref>Berghaus, Günther, "New Research on Futurism and its Relations with the Fascist Regime", ''Journal of Contemporary History'', 2007, Vol. 42, p.152</ref>  This association of Fascists, socialists and anarchists in the Futurist movement, which may seem odd today, can be understood in terms of the influence of [[George Sorel]], whose ideas about the regenerative effect of political violence had adherents right across the political spectrum. 

Futurism expanded to encompass many artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. 

=== Aeropainting ===

Aeropainting (''aeropittura'') was a major expression of Futurism in the thirties and early forties.  The technology and excitement of flight, directly experienced by most aeropainters,<ref name=Osborn>[http://simultaneita.net/tulliocrali.html Osborn, Bob, ''Tullio Crali: the Ultimate Futurist Aeropainter'']</ref> offered aeroplanes and [[aerial landscape art|aerial landscape]] as new subject matter.  But aeropainting was varied in subject matter and treatment, including realism (especially in works of propaganda), abstraction, dynamism, quiet Umbrian landscapes,<ref>" ... dal realismo esasperato e compiatciuto (in particolare delle opere propagandistico) alle forme asatratte (come in Dottori: ''Trittico della velocità''), dal dinamismo alle quieti lontane dei paesaggi umbri di Dottori ... ." ''L'aeropittura futurista'' http://users.libero.it/macbusc/id22.htm</ref> portraits of Mussolini (e.g. Dottori's ''Portrait of il Duce''), devotional religious paintings and decorative art.   

Aeropainting was launched in a manifesto of 1929, ''Perspectives of Flight'', signed by [[Benedetta]], [[Depero]], [[Gerardo Dottori|Dottori]], [[Fillia]], Marinetti, [[Enrico Prampolini|Prampolini]], [[Somenzi]] and [[Tato]]. The artists stated that  "The changing perspectives of flight constitute an absolutely new reality that has nothing in common with the reality traditionally constituted by a terrestrial perspective" and that "Painting from this new reality requires a profound contempt for detail and a need to synthesise and transfigure everything." Crispolti identifies three main "positions" in aeropainting: "a vision of cosmic projection, at its most typical in Prampolini's 'cosmic idealism'  ... ; a 'reverie' of aerial fantasies sometimes verging on fairy-tale (for example in Dottori ...); and a kind of aeronautical documentarism that comes dizzyingly close to direct celebration of machinery (particularly in [[Tullio Crali|Crali]], but also in Tato and Ambrosi)."<ref>Crispolti, E., "Aeropainting", in Hulten, P., ''Futurism and Futurisms'', Thames and Hudson, 1986, p.413</ref>  Eventually there were over a hundred aeropainters.  The most able were Balla, Depero, Prampolini, Dottori and Crali.<ref>Tisdall, C. and Bozzola A., ''Futurism'', Thames and Hudson, 1993, p.198</ref> 

Fortunato Depero was the co-author with Balla of ''The Futurist Reconstruction of the Universe'', (1915) a radical manifesto for the revolution of everyday life.  He practised painting, design, sculpture, graphic art, illustration, interior design, stage design and ceramics.<ref name=MartinS>Martin, S., ''Futurism'', Taschen, n.d.</ref>  The decorative element comes to the fore in Depero's later painting, e.g. ''Train Born from the Sun'' (1924).  He applied this approach in theatre design and commercial art - e.g. his unrealised designs for [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky's]] ''Chant du Rossignol'', (1916) his large tapestry, ''The Court of the Big Doll'' (1920) and his many posters. 

Enrico Prampolini pursued a programme of abstract and quasi-abstract painting, combined with a career in stage design.  His ''Spatial-Landscape Construction'' (1919) is quasi-abstract with large flat areas in bold colours, predominantly red, orange, blue and dark green.  His ''Simultaneous Landscape'' (1922) is totally abstract, with flat colours and no attempt to create perspective. In his ''Umbrian Landscape'' (1929), produced in the year of the Aeropainting Manifesto, Prampolini returns to figuration, representing the hills of Umbria.  But by 1931 he had adopted "cosmic idealism", a biomorphic abstractionism quite different from the works of the previous decade, for example in ''Pilot of the Infinite'' (1931) and ''Biological Apparition'' (1940).

Gerardo Dottori made a specifically Futurist contribution to landscape painting, which he frequently shows from an aerial viewpoint.  Some of his landscapes appear to be more conventional than Futurist, e.g. his ''Hillside Landscape'' (1925).  Others are dramatic and lyrical, e.g. ''The Miracle of Light'' (1931-2), which employs his characteristic high viewpoint over a schematised landscape with patches of brilliant colour and a non-naturalistic perspective reminiscent of pre-Renaissance painting; over the whole are three rainbows, in non-naturalistic colour.  More typically Futurist is his major work, the ''Velocity Triptych'' of 1925.  

Dottori was one of the principal exponents of Futurist sacred art. His painting of ''St. Francis Dying at Porziuncola'' has a strong landscape element and a mystical intent conveyed by distortion, dramatic light and colour. 

Mural painting was embraced by the Futurists in the ''Manifesto of Mural Plasticism'' at a time when the revival of fresco painting was being debated in Italy.<ref name=MartinS/>  Dottori carried out many mural commissions including the ''Altro Mondo'' in Perugia (1927-8) and the hydroport at Ostia (1928).<ref>Hulten, P., ''Futurism and Futurisms'', Thames and Hudson, 1986, p.468</ref> 

Tullio Crali, a self-taught painter, was a late adherent to Futurism, not joining until 1929.  He is noted for his realistic aeropaintings, which combine "speed, aerial mechanisation and the mechanics of aerial warfare".<ref name=Osborn/>  His earliest aeropaintings represent military planes, ''Aerial Squadron'' and ''Aerial Duel'' (both 1929), in appearance little different from works by Prampolini or other Futurist painters.  In the 1930s, his paintings became realistic, intending to communicate the experience of flight to the viewer.<ref name=Osborn/>  His best-known work, ''Nose Dive on the City'' (1939), shows an aerial dive from the pilot's point of view, the buildings below drawn in dizzying perspective.

==The legacy of Futurism==
[[Image:Blast2.jpg|thumb|The cover of the last edition of ''[[BLAST (magazine)|BLAST]]'', the [[literary magazine]] of the British [[Vorticist]] movement, a movement heavily influenced by futurism.]]

Futurism influenced many other twentieth century art movements, including [[Art Deco]],  [[Vorticism]], [[Constructivism (art)|Constructivism]], [[Surrealism]] and [[Dada]]. Futurism as a coherent and organized artistic movement is now regarded as extinct, having died out in 1944 with the death of its leader Marinetti, and Futurism was, like [[science fiction]], in part overtaken by 'the future'. 

Nonetheless the ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern [[Western culture]]; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial cinema and culture. [[Ridley Scott]] consciously evoked the designs of [[Antonio Sant'Elia|Sant'Elia]] in ''[[Blade Runner]]''. Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his "dreamt-of metallization of the human body", are still strongly prevalent in Japanese culture, and surface in [[manga]]/[[anime]] and the works of artists such as [[Shinya Tsukamoto]], director of the "''Tetsuo''" (lit. "Ironman") films; Marinetti's legacy is also obvious in philosophical ingredients of [[transhumanism]], especially in Europe. Futurism has produced several reactions, including the literary genre of [[cyberpunk]] — in which technology was often treated with a critical eye — whilst artists who came to prominence during the first flush of the [[Internet]], such as  [[Stelarc]] and [[Mariko Mori]], produce work which comments on futurist ideals.

A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement began in 1988 with the creation of the [[Neo-Futurism|Neo-Futurist]] style of theatre in Chicago, which utilizes Futurism's focus on speed and brevity to create a new form of immediate theatre. Currently, there are active Neo-Futurist troupes in [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], and [[Montreal]].

Another revival in the San Francisco area, perhaps best described as [[Post-Futurist]], centers around the band [[Sleepytime Gorilla Museum]], who took their name from a (possibly fictitious) Futurist press organization (described by founder John Kane as "the fastest museum alive") dating back to 1916.  SGM's lyrics and (very in-depth) liner notes routinely quote and reference Marinetti and ''The Futurist Manifesto'', and juxtapose them with opposing views such as those presented in [[Industrial Society and Its Future]] (also known as the [[Unabomber]] Manifesto, attributed to [[Theodore Kaczynski]]).

==Futurist artists==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Giacomo Balla]], painter
*[[Umberto Boccioni]], painter, sculptor
*[[Anton Giulio Bragaglia]]
*[[David Burliuk]], painter
*[[Vladimir Burliuk]], painter
*[[Mario Carli]]
*[[Carlo Carrà]], painter
*[[Ambrogio Casati]], painter
*[[Primo Conti]], artist
*[[Tullio Crali]]
*[[Luigi de Giudici]], painter
*[[Fortunato Depero]], painter
*[[Nikolay Diulgheroff]], painter, designer and architect
*[[Gerardo Dottori]], painter, poet and art critic
*[[Fillià]], artist
{{col-2}}
*[[Filippo Tommaso Marinetti]], poet
*[[Vladimir Mayakovsky]], poet
*[[Angiolo Mazzoni]], architect
*[[Aldo Palazzeschi]], writer
*[[Giovanni Papini]], writer
*[[Luigi Russolo]], painter, musician, [[musical instrument|instrument]] builder
*[[Valentine de Saint-Point]], performer, theoretician, writer
*[[Antonio Sant'Elia]], architect
*[[Jules Schmalzigaug]], painter
*[[Gino Severini]], painter
*[[Mario Sironi]], painter
*[[Ardengo Soffici]], painter and writer
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Musica Futurista]]
*[[Cubo-Futurism]]
*[[Future studies]]
*[[Rayonism]] (also as ''Rayonnism'')
*[[Universal Flowering]]
*[[Vorticism]]
*[[Neo-Futurism]]
*[[Russian futurism]]
*[[Art manifesto]]
*[[Futurist meals]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* Conversi, Daniele 2009 [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/121673565/abstract ‘Art, Nationalism and War: Political Futurism in Italy (1909–1944)’], Sociology Compass, 3/1 (2009): 92– 117 [http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/conversi/CV.html] 
*D'Orsi Angelo 2009 'Il Futurismo tra cultura e politica. Reazione o rivoluzione?'. Editore: Salerno    
*Gentile, Emilo. 2003. ''The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism.'' Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0-275-97692-0
*''I poeti futuristi'', dir. by M. Albertazzi, w. essay of G. Wallace and M. Pieri, Trento, La Finestra editrice, 2004. ISBN 88-88097-82-1
*[[John Rodker]] (1927). ''The future of futurism.'' New York: E.P. Dutton & company.
* Lawrence Rainey, Christine Poggi, and Laura Wittman, eds., ''Futurism: An Anthology [http://www.amazon.com/dp/0300088752]'' (Yale, 2009).
* ''Futurism & Sport Design'', edited by M. Mancin, Montebelluna-Cornuda, Antiga Edizioni, 2006. ISBN 88-88997-29-6
*[http://www.unknown.nu/futurism/musicians.html] ''Manifesto of Futurist Musicians'' by [[Francesco Balilla Pratella]]

==External links==
{{commonscat|Futurism (art)}}
*[http://www.ukrainianmuseum.org/burliuk/ Exhibition '''Futurism and After: David Burliuk, 1882-1967''' The Ukrainian Museum in New York, USA. October 31, 2008 - March 1, 2009]
*[http://www.italianfuturism.org Italian Futurism News]
*[http://english.scuderiequirinale.it/canale.asp?id=765 Centenary exhibition at the Quirinale, Rome, opening 20 February 2009]
*[http://www.unknown.nu/futurism Futurism: Manifestos and Other Resources]
*[http://www.newmusicbox.org/page.nmbx?id=59tp01 The Futurist Moment: Howlers, Exploders, Crumplers, Hissers, and Scrapers] by Kenneth Goldsmith
*[http://serdar-hizli-art.com/modern_painting/futurism.htm 1910 Futurist Movement Manifesto]
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9035727/Futurism Encyclopedia Britannica Futurism entry]
*[http://www.montebellunadistrict.com/notizie_MS/futurism/ The influence of Futurism on sport design]
*[http://www.neofuturists.org/ The Chicago Neo-Futurists]
*[http://www.nynf.org/ The New York Neo-Futurists]


{{Westernart}}
{{Modernism}}
{{Avant-garde}}

[[Category:Futurism|*]]
[[Category:Art movements]]
[[Category:Avant-garde art]]
[[Category:Modern art]]
[[Category:Futurology|Futurism]]
[[Category:Edwardian era]]