Editing Moon Hoax (section)

==Public opinion==
There are entire subcultures in the USA and substantial cultures around the world that are convinced that Apollo Moon landings were faked. This view is taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola, etc.).<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/abcnews.com/ABC2000/abc2000science/oberg2000.html Getting Apollo 11 right], ABC, 7/99</ref><ref name="Oberg">[http://jamesoberg.com/042003lessonsfake_his.html Lessons of the 'fake Moon flight' myth], J. Oberg, Sceptical Inquirer, 3–4/03, pp. 23, 30</ref><ref name="Colby">[http://apollotruth.bravehost.com Apollo Truth], S. Colby, 2/3/09</ref> It is also shared by the Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez,<ref name="Chavez">[http://slate.com/id/2262520 Hugo Boss], Slate, 2/8/10</ref><ref name="ChavezFr">[http://slate.fr/story/25871/Chavez-sante-mentale-al-qaida-lune-bolivar Questions sur la santé mentale de Chavez], Slate, 6/8/10 (Fr.)</ref> the Taliban,<ref>[http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/tobyyoung/100024686 Obama's cancellation of Moon landings is a case of "No we can't", not "Yes we can"], T. Young, 2/2/10</ref> and the International Society for Krishna Consciousness.<ref name="acb">[http://salagram.net/MoonLandingHoax.htm Did man really walk on the Moon???], J. Marshall, 23/5/04</ref><ref name="sdg">[http://krishna.org/man-on Man on the Moon—a colossal hoax that cost billions of dollars], Satsvarūpa dāsa Goswāmī, 20/1/10</ref><ref name="Beals">[http://web.archive.org/web/futuresunltd.com/sudarshan/MoonShadows/MoonShadows.htm MoonShadows], J. Beals, 13/10/05</ref>

===Poll results===
On 14 June 1970, Knight Newspapers polled 1721 people in six US cities and found that more than 30% were "suspicious of NASA's trips to the Moon" with the number rising to 54% in some Afro-American areas.<ref name="wired"/><ref name="Kaysing">B. Kaysing, R. Reid, [http://books.google.com?id=N1Gcfdj81T4C We never went to the Moon], Health Research Books, 1976, ISBN 9780787304874</ref><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=N1Gcfdj81T4C&pg=PA5 (pp. 3, 5)]</sup><ref name="age">[http://history.nasa.gov/Remembering_Space_Age_B.pdf Remembrance and cultural representation of the Space Age], NASA, p. 378</ref> And on 4 November 2002, the Italian daily "Corriere della sera" reported that 68% of the non-white US population do not believe NASA.<ref name="moongate">[http://nexusedizioni.it?option=com_content&task=view&id=81 Moongate: A bomb ready to explode?], S. Colzani, 16/2/05 (It.)</ref> The following table lists a score of public opinion survey results. The "sceptics" column shows the percentage of people who doubt or deny that men walked on the Moon.

{|width="100%"
|-
|
{|class="TablePager"
|+<big>'''Closed access polls'''</big>
|-
!Organisation
!Year
!Country
!Age
!Sceptics
|-
|Knight Newspapers, Inc.
|1970
|USA
|N.A.
|30%<ref name="wired"/>
|-
|Gallup, Inc.
|1976
|USA
|N.A.
|28%<ref name="sdg"/>
|-
|The Washington Post
|1994
|USA
|N.A.
|30%<ref name="moongate"/>
|-
|Public Opinion Fund
|2000
|Russia
|N.A.
|28%<ref>[http://bd.fom.ru/report/cat/sci_sci/kosmos/of001605 Were the Americans on the Moon?], A. Petrova, 19/4/00 (Rus.)</ref>
|-
|Fox TV
|2001
|USA
|N.A.
|20%<ref name="desert">[http://deseretnews.com/article/946348/ Book to confirm Moon landings], S. Borenstein, 2/11/02</ref>
|-
|Dittmar Associates, Inc.
|2006
|USA
|18–25
|27%<ref>[http://boeing.com/defense-space/space/constellation/references/reports/Engaging_the_18-25_Generation.pdf Engaging the 18–25 generation: Educational outreach, interactive technologies, and space], M. Dittmar, 25/9/06, p. 6</ref>
|-
|Unspecified
|2008
|USA
|N.A.
|28%<ref>[http://somethingawful.com/d/news/election-facts-data.php?page=2 Overlooked election facts & statistics], Z. Parsons, 8/2/08</ref>
|-
|20th Century Fox
|2008
|UK
|Adults
|35±5%<ref>[http://news.sky.com/skynews/Article/200807415061467 Area 51 is top conspiracy theory], Sky News, 31/7/08</ref><ref>[http://guardian.co.uk/uk/2008/jul/31/1 US base leads poll's top conspiracy theories], The Guardian, 31/7/08</ref><ref>[http://thaindian.com/newsportal/world/50pct_10078317.html 50pct Britons believe in captive space aliens], ANI, 31/7/08</ref>
|-
|Unspecified
|2009
|USA
|N.A.
|22%<ref name="mirror">[http://mirror.co.uk/a/115875-21123653/ The Dark Side of the Moon: 40 years after Moon landing the doubts persist], D. Ellam, 14/2/09</ref><ref name="express">[http://dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/114552 Moonfakers], P. Sheridan, 17/7/09</ref>
|-
|Engineering & Technology magazine
|2009
|UK
|16–64
|25%<ref>[http://kn.theiet.org/news/jul09/moon-landing-survey.cfm Britons question Apollo 11 Moon landings, survey reveals], E&T, 8/7/09</ref>
|}
|
{|class="TablePager"
|+<big>'''Open access polls'''</big>
|-
!Source
!Year(s)
!Language
!Attendance
!Sceptics
|-
|Spiegel TV
|2001+
|German
|≈5000
|47%<ref>[http://www1.spiegel.de/active/vote/fcgi/vote.fcgi?voteid=1060 Ein kosmischer Streit / Hat die erste Mondlandung überhaup stattgefunden?], Der Spiegel (Ger.)</ref> †
|-
|Sparklit Networks
|2002+
|English
|≈7000
|41%<ref>[http://vote.sparklit.com/poll.spark/626608 Did we land on the Moon?], Sparklit.com</ref>
|-
|BBC
|2003–2004
|English
|≈20000
|41%<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/bbc.co.uk/science/space/solarsystem/earth/moonvote.shtml?displayresults=1&configfile=space_moonvote.xml Did we really land on the Moon?], BBC, 28/4/05</ref>
|-
|Alex Dantart<ref>[http://dantart.es Alex Dantart], 17/5/08 (Sp.)</ref>
|2007+
|Spanish
|≈3000
|53%<ref>[http://86400.es/2007/01/16/el El hombre llegó a la Luna... ¿o no?], A. Dantart, 16/1/07 (Sp.)</ref>
|-
|PourOuContre.com
|2007+
|French
|≈1700
|62%<ref>[http://www.pouroucontre.com/cgi-file/vote.cgi?num=56922 Pensez-vous que l'homme a marché sur la lune?], PourOuContre.com (Fr.)</ref>
|-
|20 Minuten daily
|2009+
|French
|(to be added)
|45%<ref>[http://20min.ch/community/poll/?pollid=10132 L'Homme a-t-il marché sur la Lune?], 20Minuten.ch (Fr.)</ref>
|-
|Aftonbladet daily
|2009+
|Swedish
|≈75000
|40%<ref>[http://aftonbladet.se/vss/special/storfragan/visa/0,,41250,0.html Do you think the first Moon landing was a scam?], Aftonbladet, 15/7/09 (Sw.)</ref>
|-
|CNews.ru on-line daily
|2009
|Russian
|≈5500
|49%<ref>[http://rnd.cnews.ru/inc/poll/archive.php?p=7 Archive of polls], CNews.ru (Rus.)</ref>
|-
|Twiigs, LLC
|2009
|English
|≈1400
|42%<ref>[http://twiigs.com/poll/Technology/35897 Do you think the government could fake a Moon landing?], Twiigs.com, 20/7—19/8/09</ref>
|-
|PlanetMars.org
|2009+
|English
|≈2000
|37%<ref>[http://planetmars.org/modules.php?name=Surveys&pollID=3 Did we land on the Moon in 1969?], E. Wieder, PlanetMars.org</ref>
|}
|}

† German astronaut Prof. Dr Ulrich Walter noted that the percentage of sceptics increased from 36% in 2002 to 44% just two years later.<ref name="Walter"/>

===NASA's response===
NASA issued an information sheet to address some of the concerns already in June 1977.<ref name="fgm">[ftp://ftp.hq.nasa.gov/pub/pao/media/2001/lunar_landing.pdf Did US astronauts really land on the Moon?], NASA, 6/77 (reissued 14/2/01)</ref> But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998–2000)<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2000/00-187.txt Brian Welch, NASA Director of Media Services, dies], NASA, 27/11/00</ref> Brian Welch (1958–2000) said in an interview with Sky TV News:<ref name="dark">M. Bennett, D. Percy, [http://aulis.com/nasa3.htm Dark Moon], Adventures Unlimited Press, 2001, ISBN 9780932813909</ref><sup>[http://books.google.com?id=PRa5P6dtkq0C&pg=RA1-PA68 (p. 68)]</sup><ref name="what">[http://aulis.com/nasa.htm What happened on the Moon (2000)], Aulis Publishers, 28/11/07</ref><sup>(48:13–48:46)</sup>

{{Cquote|''This is thirty year old stuff... I don't understand why we should spend the time to go after, do the research, to look up, to prove to people that we went to the Moon; in fact of matters we did go to the Moon.''}}

When Fox TV aired Bruce Nash's<ref name="Nash">[http://nashentertainment.com/about/brucenash.html Bruce Nash, CEO/President], Nash Entertainment, 4/1/10</ref> film "Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?" in 2001,<ref name="fox">[http://imdb.com/title/tt0277642 Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?], Nash Entertainment, 2001</ref> NASA released<ref name="struck">[http://www.newsweek.com/id/207149 Moonstruck], K. Soller, 17/7/09</ref> hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites.<ref name="fgm"/><ref name="gmh">[http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2001/ast23Feb_2.htm The great Moon hoax], T. Philips, 23/2/01</ref><ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/200801/liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/news/2001/news-moonlanding.asp The Moon landing hoax], G. Knier & B. Bray, 30/3/01</ref><ref>[http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/alsj-stars.html Photographing stars], NASA, 26/5/09</ref> They also wrote suggestions for science teachers<ref>[http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20010103856_2001164519.pdf Did we really land on the Moon? Suggestions for science teachers], P. Lowman, 4/3/01</ref> on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.<ref>[http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/visitor/loan Exhibits for loan from the Goddard Visitor Centre. Lunar and meteorite samples for loans], NASA, 10/3/09</ref>

In 2002, NASA hired their veteran, former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst, journalist (and as it turned out later, China's Moon programme sceptic)<ref>[http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/12/04/495870.aspx Moon photo mystery solved], A. Boyle, 4/12/07</ref> '''James Edward Oberg''' (b. 1944).<ref>[http://jamesoberg.com/profile.html Profile], J. Oberg, 26/8/09</ref> For a fee of $15,000, his job was to write a book intended to challenge those who claim that Apollo Moon landings were a hoax.<ref name="desert"/> But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. It is understood that the decision resulted from the bad publicity that followed the announcement of the project. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. Others commented that making the Oberg's book an official NASA publication would actually give a certain credibility to the hoax theory.<ref name="theAge">[http://theage.com.au/articles/2002/12/24/1040511043172.html One giant leap of imagination], AP, 24/12/02</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2424927.stm NASA pulls Moon hoax book], BBC, 8/11/02</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2441469.stm One giant hoax for mankind], BBC, 11/11/02</ref><ref>[http://guardian.co.uk/science/2002/nov/09/spaceexploration.comment One giant leap for conspiricists], M. Lawson, 9/11/02</ref> For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:<ref name="theAge"/><ref name="ap">[http://space.com/news/oberg_hoaxes_021221.html Hoaxers vs rocket scientists: Even NASA unsure how to counter claims of faked Moon missions], M. Dunn, 21/12/02</ref>

{{Cquote|''The issue of trying to do a targeted response to this is just lending credibility to something that is, on its face, asinine.''}}

After NASA's decision to cancel the book, Oberg said that ignoring the problem just makes this harder and that he still intends to write it as an unofficial publication (working title: "A pall over Apollo"), depending on successfully arranging new funding sources. But as of 2009, no such book is known to have been published by him yet,<ref name="Oberg"/><ref name="ap"/><ref>[http://amazon.com/James-E.-Oberg/e/B001HP0MLO James Oberg, Bibliography], Amazon</ref> albeit the influential Israeli daily Haaretz ("The Land") wrote that he did get the $15,000 from NASA.<ref>[http://haaretz.co.il/hasite/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=1100699 40 years after landing on the Moon, many are convinced it was staged at film studios], L. Friedman, 17/7/09 (Heb.)</ref> Moon sceptic Yuri Mukhin (see below) claims that Oberg had passed the text of the unreleased book for use by the voluntary NASA helpers.<ref name="Mukhin">Y. Mukhin, [http://ozon.ru/context/detail/id/4607307 A Moon affair], Algorithm Publishing, 2009, ISBN 9785926506201 (Rus.)</ref><sup>(p. 251)</sup> Oberg had indeed announced that he will issue the book in an informal manner.<ref>[http://hayadan.org.il/wp/moon-co%D7%9Emspiracy NASA against the conspiracy theory: it landed on the Moon], A. Blizovsky, 9/11/02 (Heb.)</ref>

===NASA defenders===
Nonetheless, with the advent of the Internet, unofficial websites appeared worldwide that aim to refute the sceptics' objections. Thus NASA's intention turned out to be carried out by others' hands, in an unofficial manner. So NASA evaded the initial promise and thus escaped responsibility, leaving the world public in a deep bewilderment.<ref name="aFon"/>

In 2009, NASA spokesman John Yembrick wrote that "amateurs are stepping in and arguing on behalf of astronauts and scientists who are too professional to defend themselves."<ref name="struck"/>

Here are some of the most notable NASA defenders—webmasters, authors of books, articles, TV shows, etc.:

*Sri Lankabhimanya Sir '''Arthur Charles Clarke''', Commander of the British Empire, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, British science fiction author, inventor, and futurist.<ref name="Randi">[http://randi.org/jr/07-20-01.html Commentary], J. Randi, 20/7/01</ref>
*Sir '''Patrick Alfred Caldwell-Moore''', Commander of the British Empire, Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society, Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, English amateur astronomer and writer.<ref>[http://sirpatrickmoore.com/biography Biography], Sir P. Moore</ref><ref name="Moore">[http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-8975320001826403666 Twelve men on the Moon], BBC, 1/4/02</ref>
*Prof. Dr '''Harald Lesch''', German astrophysicist.<ref>[http://www.usm.uni-muenchen.de/people/lesch/lesch.html Prof. Dr Harald Lesch], Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, 27/7/09</ref><ref>[http://gangleri.de/cgi-bin/project.pl?was=moon;teil=lesch Die Landung auf dem Mond], J. Keller (Ger.)</ref>
*Prof. Dr '''Michael Brant Shermer''', American psychologist, economist, writer, founder of The Sceptics Society, and editor of its Sceptic magazine.<ref>[http://michaelshermer.com/about-michael About Michael], M. Shermer</ref><ref name="Shermer">[http://homepages.wmich.edu/~korista/moonhoax2.html Fox goes to the Moon, but NASA never did the No-Moonies cult strikes], M. Shermer, 27/9/01</ref>
*Prof. Dr '''Steven I. Dutch''', American geologist.<ref>[http://uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/ConspiracyTheoryDidWeGototheMoon.htm Conspiracy theory: Did we go to the Moon?], S. Dutch, 14/12/09</ref>
*Dr '''Gerardus D. Bouw''', American astronomer, geocentrist, and "Geocentricity" site owner.<ref>[http://geocentricity.com Association for Biblical astronomy], G. Bouw, 23/2/10</ref><ref name="Jones">[http://realityreviewed.com/Photography.htm Moon hoax—Photographic claims], N. Jones, 7/8/09</ref>
*Dr '''Igor Rurikovich Suslov''', Russian physicist and doctor of physical-mathematical sciences.<ref>[http://vif2ne.ru/vstrecha/forum/arhprint/9501 Meeting: Article], 24/2/08 (Rus.)</ref>
*Dr '''James Randi''' (Randall James Hamilton Zwinge), American illusionist, founder of the James Randi Educational Foundation, and same-named site owner.<ref name="Randi"/>
*Dr '''Michael Linden-Vørnle''', Danish astrophysicist.<ref>[http://videnskab.dk/content/dk/temaer/tema_konspirationsteorier/prygl_til_konspirationsteorier_om_manelanding Flogging the conspiracy theories about lunar landing], T. Hoffman, 20/7/09 (Dan.)</ref>
*Dr '''Mikhail Alexandrovich Nazarov''', Russian doctor of geological-mineralogical sciences, director of the Laboratory of Meteoritics at the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry.<ref>[http://www.geokhi.ru/~meteorit/moonusa.html Some notes on the publications of Mr. Mukhin in the "Duel" newspaper, issue 48 (345)]. M. Nazarov, 21/1/04 (Rus.)</ref>
*Dr '''Pasquariello Domenico''', director of the Italian Research Centre on Anomalous Phenomena (CEIFAN).<ref>[http://ceifan.org/moon_hoax.htm Siamo realmente andati sulla Luna?], CEIFAN, 14/12/09 (It.)</ref>
*Dr '''Philip Cary Plait''', American astronomer, author of the book "Bad astronomy", and same-named site owner.<ref name="struck"/><ref name="Plait">P. Plait, [http://web.archive.org/web/badastronomy.co%6d/book/ Bad astronomy], John Wiley & Sons, 2002, ISBN 9780471409762</ref>
*Dr '''Steve D. Barrett''', British physicist, Senior Lecturer, and Principal Scientist.<ref>[http://liv.ac.uk/~sdb/Talks Talks and presentations], S. Barrett, 8/3/10</ref>
*Dr '''Vladislav-Veniamin Friedrichovich Pustynski''', native-Russian-speaking Estonian astrophysicist, member of the International Astronomical Union,<ref>[http://iau.org/administration/membership/individual/13376 Vladislav-Veniamin Pustõnski], IAU, 26/8/09</ref> Spanish teacher, and "Man on the Moon"<ref>[http://menonthemoon.narod.ru Man on the Moon], V. Pustynski, 4/2/10 (Rus.)</ref> and "Apollo facts"<ref>[http://apollofacts.wikidot.com/ Apollo programme facts], 31/3/10 (Rus.)</ref> site co-owner who defends NASA in Russian forums (alias "7-40" or "7:40").<ref>[http://www.aai.ee/~vladislav/cv_engl.html Vladislav-Veniamin Pustynski's CV], 27/11/08</ref>
*'''Abduldaem Al-Kaheel''', Syrian mechanical engineer, researcher in the Scientific Miracles of the Qur'an and Sunnah, author of forty books, and "Kaheel7" site owner.<ref>[http://kaheel7.com/eng/index.php/component/content/article/41-general/60 Biography], A. Al-Kaheel</ref><ref>[http://kaheel7.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=888 Did we go to the Moon?], A. Al-Kaheel (Ar.)</ref>
*'''Alberto Farid Char Bonilla''', Chilean psychologist, amateur astronomer, and "Austrinus" site owner.<ref>[http://austrinus.com?option=com_content&id=347&Itemid=195 ¿El hombre llegó a la Luna?], A. Bonilla, 25/11/08 (Sp.)</ref>
*'''Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov''', Russian engineer who collected a special library about the Apollo programme and Wernher von Braun and published a series of articles about them.<ref>[http://apervushin.narod.ru/biblio/guest/markov/markov.htm Alexander Yevgenyevich Markov], 3/8/09 (Rus.)</ref>
*'''Alexey Martov''' and '''Vadim Roshchin''', Russian NASA defenders.<ref>[http://situation.ru/app/rs/lib/luno/luno.htm Lunocrates and Lunoliers], A. Martov, V. Roshchin (Rus.)</ref>
*'''Ali Murat Güven''', Turkish journalist and columnist of the "Yeni safak" ("New dawn") conservative daily.<ref>[http://yenisafak.com.tr/yazarlar?i=750&y=AliMuratGuven The most popular conspiracy theory: was the Moon landing real?], A. Güven, 18/8/06 (Turk.)</ref>
*'''Brent Silby''', New Zealand learning advisor, teacher, philosopher, game designer, DJ, and "Def-Logic" site owner.<ref>[http://def-logic.com/articles/lunarlanding.html Of course we went to the Moon], B. Silby, 24/5/08</ref>
*'''Chan Kihung''', Hong Kong Space Museum assistant curator.<ref>[http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/FAQ/moon/c_faq_moon_8.htm Moon FAQ], Chan Kihung, 11/6/01 (Chin.)</ref>
*'''David A. Hardy''', Fellow of the British Interplanetary Society and former President of the International Association of Astronomical Artists.<ref>[http://hardyart.demon.co.uk/pages-extra/moonhoax.html The Great Moon-landing hoax?], D. Hardy, 1/9/09</ref>
*'''David Dickinson''', American aircraft armament systems specialist, amateur astronomer, and "Astro guyz" site owner.<ref>[http://astroguyz.com/tag/moon-hoax Archives for Moon hoax], D. Dickinson, 2/7/09</ref>
*'''David John Owen''', New Zealand psychiatric nurse, multi-instrumentalist, TV director, web designer, and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://dave.co.nz/space/moon-hoax Did NASA land on the Moon?], D. Owen, 24/2/09</ref>
*'''David Lyons''', British "Astro Central" site owner.<ref>[http://astrocentral.co.uk/moonhoax.html The Apollo hoax], D. Lyons, 20/12/04</ref>
*'''Diego Cuoghi''', Italian architect, industrial designer, artist, art historian, writer, and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://diegocuoghi.com/Moon_hoax.htm Moon hoax? No, thanks!], D. Cuoghi, 4/1/10 (It.)</ref>
*'''Dirk H. Lorenzen''', German astrophysicist, writer, and member of the executive board of the German Association of Science Journalists.<ref>[http://spacetelescope.org/projects/credibility/credibility_interviews.html Credibility of science communication], ESA, 30/10/09</ref><ref>[http://wdr.de/tv/quarks/sendungsbeitraege/2009/0602/003_mond.jsp War der erste Mensch auf dem Mond ein Schauspieler?], K. Adick, 2/6/09 (Ger.)</ref>
*'''Gavin S. Sinclair''', Scottish "Red Zero" site owner.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/redzero.co.uk/moonhoax MoonHoax], G. Sinclair, 21/8/03</ref>
*'''Gleb Valentinovich Pyanykh''' (host) and '''Ella Boyko''' (author), the staff of the Russian NTV's "Maximum" programme.<ref>[http://maximum.ntv.ru The Maximum programme], NTV (Rus.)</ref><ref>[http://supernovum.ru/forum/read.php?2,183757 Popov's answer on the "Maximum" programme], Supernovum, 29/9/09 (Rus.)</ref>
*'''Guillermo O. Descalzo''', Argentinian manager, rocket modeller, and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://gdescalzo.com.ar/la__llegada_a_la_luna.htm 1969, la llegada del Hombre a la luna ¿verdad o farsa?], G. Descalzo, 29/8/09 (Sp.)</ref>
*'''HJP Arnold''', Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, the British Interplanetary Society, and the Remote Sensing and Photogrammetric Society.<ref name="Moore"/><ref>[http://www.sol-invictus.org.uk/autobiography.htm Autobiography], H. Arnold, 11/7/03</ref>
*'''Ian Williams Goddard''', American freelance artist, writer, and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://iangoddard.com/moon01.htm Are Apollo Moon photos fake?], I. Goddard, 29/9/09</ref>
*'''James Franklin Hyneman, Adam Whitney Savage, Grant Masaru Imahara''' (special effect experts), '''Salvatore Paul Belleci''' (filmmaker), and '''Kari Elizabeth Byron''' (artist), American staff of the Australian TV programme "Mythbusters"<ref>[http://collectspace.com/news/news-082608a.html Mythbustin' the Moon], R. Pearlman, 26/8/08</ref> (also aired on the Russian TV3 channel).<ref>[http://tv3russia.ru/programs/programs_6/about MythBusters], TV3 (Rus.)</ref>
*'''James V. Scotti''', American astronomer and Senior Research Specialist.<ref>[http://pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu/~jscotti/NOT_faked The Moon landings were NOT faked], J. Scotti, 27/6/07</ref>
*'''Jay Windley''' (alias Jay Utah), American engineer and "Clavius" site owner.<ref name="struck"/><ref>[http://www.clavius.org Moon base Clavius], J. Windley, 10/10/08</ref>
*'''Keith Mayes''', British amateur astronomer, author of the book "Science, the Universe, and God" (2004), and "Keyboard" site owner.<ref>[http://www.thekeyboard.org.uk/Did%20we%20land%20on%20the%20Moon.htm Did we land on the Moon?], K. Mayes, 12/12/04</ref>
*'''Marcus Haas''', German physicist and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://marcus-haas.de/in-eigener-sache.html In eigener Sache], M. Haas (Ger.)</ref><ref>[http://pseudowissenschaft.marcus-haas.de/verschwoerungen/mondlandung.html Hat die Mondlandung stattgefunden?], M. Haas (Ger.)</ref>
*'''Masashi Yokoyama, Hiroshi Yamamoto, Junya Terazono''', and '''Tatsuya Honjo''', Japanese NASA defenders of the Association for Sceptical Investigation of Supernatural (ASIOS).<ref>[http://asios.org/apollo.html Apollo conspiracy FAQ], ASIOS, 20/12/09 (Jap.)</ref>
*'''Matteo Negri''', secretary of the Italian amateur astronomers group "Columbia" and owner of the "Siamo andati sulla Luna" ("We went to the Moon") site.<ref>[http://siamoandatisullaluna.com Siamo andati sulla Luna], M. Negri (It.)</ref>
*'''Matthias Lipinski''', German "Apollo Projekt" site owner.<ref>[http://apollo-projekt.de Mondlandung oder ein gigantischer Schwindel?], M. Lipinski, 2/10/09 (Ger.)</ref>
*'''Milivoje Jugin''', Serbian aeronautics engineer.<ref name="Zivkovic">[http://ivonazivkovic.net/mesec-apolo.pdf The truth about the astronaut's flight to the Moon], I. Živković, 31/3/08 (Serb.)</ref>
*'''Neil Atkinson''', English geologist and "Apollo Hoax" site owner.<ref name="Lloyd">[http://www.darkstar1.co.uk/moonandTruman.html The Apollo Moon hoax at the Cheltenham festival of science], A. Lloyd, 7/1/09</ref>
*'''Paolo Attivissimo''', Swiss writer, journalist, and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://www.attivissimo.net/antibufala/luna/luna_in_sintesi.htm Siamo mai andati sulla luna?], P. Attivissimo, 9/8/09 (It.)</ref>
*'''Patrick Jacques''', President of a Belgian astronomy club.<ref>[http://free-press-release.com/news/200512/1135176175.html KsanLab Educational Screensavers], S. Denisyuk, 21/12/05</ref><ref>[http://digilife.be/aeg/nieuwsbrief/Guidestar%2007-2009.pdf Guidestar], P. Jacques, 4/7/09, pp. 4–7 (Dutch)</ref>
*'''Pavel Gabzdyl''', Czech astronomer.<ref>[http://mesic.hvezdarna.cz/2007/02/byli-lid-na-msci.html Were people on the Moon?], P. Gabzdyl, 12/2/07 (Czech)</ref>
*'''Philip R. Karn, Jr''', American electrical engineer, radio amateur, programmer, and "KA9Q" site owner.<ref name="Karn">[http://ka9q.net/crackpots Debunking crackpot science], P. Karn, 26/9/09</ref>
*'''Piero Bianucci''', Italian journalist and writer.<ref>[http://divulgazione.uai.it/progetti/Siloabbiamofatto.htm Siamo andati sulla Luna?], P. Bianucci, 1/6/09 (It.)</ref>
*'''Robert A. Braeunig''', American engineer, amateur astronomer, and same-named site owner.<ref name="Braeunig">[http://braeunig.us/space/hoax.htm Did we land on the Moon?], R. Braeunig, 30/9/08</ref>
*'''Ronaldo Rogério de Freitas Mourão''', Brazilian astronomer.<ref>[http://ronaldomourao.com Ronaldo Mourão / Astronomia & astronáutica] (Pg.)</ref><ref>[http://g1.globo.com/Sites/Especiais/Noticias/0,,MUL1230054-17082,0.html Astrônomo desmente mitos de que homem não teria ido à Lua], M. Juste, 15/7/09 (Pg.)</ref>
*'''Svetoslav Dimitrov Alexandrov''', Bulgarian "Cosmos" site owner.<ref>[http://cosmos.1.bg/portal?option=com_content&view=category&id=14&Itemid=27 Myths and fallacies], S. Alexandrov (Bulg.)</ref>
*'''Thanassis Vembos''', Greek researcher, journalist, writer, and same-named site owner.<ref>[http://vembos.gr/biography.html Biography], T. Vembos, 22/4/09 (Gr.)</ref><ref>[http://vembos.gr/moon%20hoax.htm We never went to the Moon?], T. Vembos, 22/4/09 (Gr.)</ref>
*'''Thomas Bohn''', Canadian "Moonshot" site owner.<ref>[http://www3.telus.net/summa/moonshot Apollo anomalies... and how I made them], T. Bohn, 25/10/05</ref>
*'''Tom Callen''', Swedish astronomer and programme producer at Cosmonova, the Swedish Museum of Natural History.<ref>[http://nrm.se/sv/svwujuly2008.6247.html Apollo and the Moon], T. Callen, 7/10/09 (Sw.)</ref>
*'''Tracy Ballinger, Angeline Lim, Katie Sprouse, Ronen Kalay''', and '''Ben Goecke''', American attendants in the Space Science Outreach and Research (SSOAR) academy.<ref>[http://ssoar.org/university/course/projects/fall02.htm Projects—autumn 2002], SSOAR, 18/1/05 (see "Moon landing hoax theory")</ref>
*'''Uwe Rexin''', German "Mondlandung" site owner.<ref>[http://mondlandung.pcdl.de Mondlandung oder Mondlandungslüge], U. Rexin, 4/2/06 (Ger.)</ref>
*'''Visanu Euarchukiati''', Thai Astronomical Society deputy secretary.<ref>[http://thaiastro.nectec.or.th/news/2002/special/moonhoax.html Special report], V. Euarchukiati, 24/7/09 (Thai)</ref><ref>[http://61-91-205-171.static.asianet.co.th/astro/thaiastro.nectec.or.th/eng/tasstff.html Academic Committee of TAS], Thai Astronomical Society, 1/6/09</ref>
*'''Vladimir Nikolaevich Pavlyuk''', Russian aviation equipment engineer who defends NASA in web forums (alias Stary—old man).<ref>[http://sai.msu.su/top100/cgi/vote.cgi?look=1&id_vote=47 AstroRunet stars 2005: Astrorunet man of the year], Sternberg Astronomical Institute (Rus.)</ref>
*'''Yuri Donatovich Krasilnikov'''<ref>[http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/YuriKrasilnikov.html Yuri Krasilnikov], NASA, 18/5/09</ref><ref>[http://manonmoon.ru/addon/paradox/p2.html Yuri Krasilnikov], Paradox, 4/04 (Rus.)</ref> (physicist and programmer)<ref>[http://www.pereplet.ru/gorm/fomenko/authors.htm Information about the authors], Russian book cover (Rus.)</ref> and '''Vyacheslav Yatskin''' (programmer),<ref>[http://hot.ee/unexplained/me.htm About me], V. Yatskin, 7/8/01 (Rus.)</ref> Russian NASA defenders, authors of the 327 KB long Moon Hoax article at "Skeptik.net".<ref name="Yatskin">[http://skeptik.net/conspir/moonhoax.htm Were Americans on the Moon?], V. Yatskin, Y. Krasilnikov (Rus.)</ref>

NASA defenders who mock Moon sceptics instead of refuting them:

*'''Christopher W. Powers''', American software engineer who wrote a Usenet article in 1995 on filmmaker Stanley Kubrick directing the Moon hoax<ref>[http://galactic-guide.com/articles/8S12.html Moon Hoax, The (SemiReal)], C. Powers, 4/10/95</ref> and admitted that it was a joke twelve years later.<ref>[http://bautforum.com/1093207-post33.html Stanley Kubrick and the lunar landings], C. Powers, 21/10/07</ref>
*'''William Karel''', French filmmaker who directed the mockumentary "Opération Lune" (2002; English version: "Dark side of the Moon") further developing the above joke about Kubrick.<ref>[http://imdb.com/title/tt0344160 Opération Lune], Arte France, 2002</ref>

'''Wikipedia''' editors do their best to defend NASA, categorising the Moon hoax view as "conspiracy theory", "pseudo-science", "pseudo-history", "denialism", etc.<ref>[http://wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Hoax_Theory Moon hoax theory], Wikipedia, 21/8/09</ref>