Editing Buckingham Fountain

{{Infobox NRHP 
| name = Buckingham Fountain
| partof =[[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]]
| nrhp_type = cp | nocat = yes
| image =BuckinghamFountain ChicagoIL.jpg
| caption = Buckingham Fountain in [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]] 
| location= [[Chicago]]
| locmapin = Chicago#Illinois#USA
| coordinates = {{coord|41.875792|-87.618944|region:US-IL_type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| area = [[Chicago Loop|Downtown Chicago]]
| architect= [[Daniel Burnham|Burnham, Daniel H.]]; Bennett, Edward H.
| architecture= Beaux Arts, Art Decomo
| added = July 21, 1993
| governing_body = [[Chicago Park District]]
| partof_refnum=92001075
}}
'''''Buckingham Fountain''''' is a [[Chicago]] landmark in the center of [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]].  Dedicated in 1927, it is one of the largest fountains in the world.  Built in a [[rococo]] wedding cake style and inspired by the [[Latona Fountain]] at the [[Palace of Versailles]], it is meant to allegorically represent [[Lake Michigan]].  It operates from April to October, with regular water shows and evening color-light shows.  During the winter, the fountain is decorated with festival lights. 

==History==
[[File:Buckingham Fountain in Chicago at night.jpg|thumb|left|Buckingham Fountain]]
The [[fountain]] is considered Chicago's front door, since it resides in [[Grant Park (Chicago)|Grant Park]], the city's front yard near the intersection of Columbus Drive and Congress Parkway.  The fountain itself represents [[Lake Michigan]], with four sets of sea horses (two per set) symbolizing the four states—[[Illinois]], [[Wisconsin]], [[Michigan]] and [[Indiana]]—that border the lake. The fountain was designed by [[Beaux-Arts architecture|beaux arts]] architect [[Edward H. Bennett]]. The statues were created by the French sculptor [[Marcel F. Loyau]]. The design of the fountain was inspired by the ''Bassin de Latone'' and modeled after [[Latona Fountain]] at [[Palace of Versailles|Versailles]].

The fountain was donated to the city by Kate Buckingham in memory of her brother, Clarence Buckingham, and was constructed at a cost of $750,000. The fountain's official name is the ''Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain''. Kate Buckingham also established the Buckingham Fountain [[Endowment fund|Endowment Fund]] with an initial investment of $300,000 to pay for maintenance.<ref name="cpd">{{cite web| title=Buckingham Fountain| publisher=Chicago Park District| date=| url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/clarence-f-buckingham-memorial-fountain/| accessdate=2014-07-16}}</ref> Buckingham Fountain was dedicated on August 26, 1927.

In August 2016, in a partnership with the City of Chicago, the Chicago Parks District and Everywhere Wireless, the Buckingham Fountain viewing area joined many [[Chicago beaches]] and the [[Museum Campus]] in providing free [[Wi-Fi]] to visitors.<ref>{{cite press release | url = http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/mayor/press_room/press_releases/2015/august/mayor-emanuel--chicago-park-district-announce-expansion-of-free-.html | title = Mayor Emanuel, Chicago Park District Announce Expansion Of Free Wi-Fi At Chicago Beaches | date = August 13, 2015 | publisher = City of Chicago | access-date = September 22, 2017}}</ref>

==Operation==
Many tourists and Chicagoans visit the fountain each year. The fountain operates daily 8:00&nbsp;a.m. to 11:00&nbsp;p.m. from mid-April through mid-October. Water shows occur every hour on-the-hour and last 20 minutes.  During shows, the center jet shoots up vertically to {{convert|150|ft|m}}, and after dusk shows are choreographed with lights and music.  The last show begins at 10:00&nbsp;p.m. nightly.<ref name="cpd" />

The fountain is constructed of Georgia pink marble and contains {{convert|1500000|U.S.gal|l}} of water. During a display, more than {{convert|14000|U.S.gal/min}} are pushed through its 193 jets.  The bottom pool of the fountain is {{convert|280|ft|abbr=on}} in diameter, the lower basin is {{convert|103|ft|abbr=on}}, the middle basin is {{convert|60|ft|abbr=on}} and the upper basin is {{convert|24|ft|abbr=on}}. The lip of the upper basin is {{convert|25|ft|abbr=on}} above the water in the lower basin.

The fountain's pumps are controlled by a [[Honeywell]] computer which was previously located in [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] until the 1994 renovation when it was moved to the pump house of the fountain.  The fountain's security system is monitored from Arlington Heights (a Chicago suburb).<ref name="cpd"/>

{{Panorama 
|image      = Image:Buckingham Fountain Panoramic View.jpg 
|fullwidth  = 2600
|fullheight = 728
|caption    = Buckingham Fountain panorama
|height     = 230
}}

==Renovations==
[[File:Buckinghamxmas.jpg|thumb|Fountain in winter]]
In 1994, the fountain received a $2.8 million restoration to its three smallest basins which developed leaks due to Chicago's harsh winters.<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite news| title= Buckingham Fountain's $25 million renovation to begin after Labor Day| author=Noreen S. Ahmed-Ullah| work=Chicago Tribune| url=http://featuresblogs.chicagotribune.com/theskyline/2008/07/buckingham-foun.html| publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]]| date=16 July 2008| accessdate=2011-06-08}}</ref>
[[File:Buckingham Fountain in Grant Park.JPG|thumb|left|Surrounded by seasonal plantings and gardens, the fountain periodically shoots water high into the air.]]
The latest renovation project on Buckingham Fountain began in September 2008. This three-phase project will modernize aging internal systems in the fountain and restore deteriorated features.  Funding is a combination from the Buckingham endowment, city and park district funds and a grant from the [[Lollapalooza]] music festival which is held annually near the fountain.<ref name="Ahmed"/>

'''Phase I''' was dedicated April 3, 2009.<ref>{{cite press release| url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/news.detail/object_id/371e5b32-1481-493d-8a15-0dd2a0a52dce.cfm| title=Mayor Daley Celebrates Season Opening of Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain| publisher=Chicago Park District| date=3 April 2009| accessdate=2009-05-07| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110614143610/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/news.detail/object_id/371e5b32-1481-493d-8a15-0dd2a0a52dce.cfm| archivedate=14 June 2011| df=}}</ref> This phase included permeable pavers to surround the fountain. This replaced the crushed stone that was used since the fountain was constructed.  The pavers make a safer and smoother surface and complies with the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990]].

'''Phase II''' began in the winter of 2009.<ref>{{cite press release | title=Special Buckingham Fountain Friday Tours Return This Summer | url=http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/news.detail/object_id/54ae2a95-d260-4342-aebb-3a12d9dde1fb.cfm | publisher=Chicago Park District | date=2 May 2011 | accessdate=2011-10-03 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20090822160408/http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/index.cfm/fuseaction/news.detail/object_id/54ae2a95-d260-4342-aebb-3a12d9dde1fb.cfm | archivedate=22 August 2009 | df= }}</ref> This phase included the demolition of the fountain table, installation of extensive underdrainage system, new landscaping, site lighting, signs, site furnishings, sewer system, selective demolition within or adjacent to the fountain's outer basin, repairs of some existing cast-in-place concrete elements and installation of new cast-in-place elements.  Work was not completed due to lack of funds and the Chicago Park District has not announced when it expects to finish this phase.<ref name="Jeffers">{{cite news| title=Buckingham Fountain project waits for funding| author=Glenn Jeffers| url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2010-05-26/news/ct-x-c-buckingham-fountain-update-20100526_1_kate-buckingham-parkways-foundation-endowment-fund| date=26 May 2010| work=Chicago Tribune| publisher=ChicagoTribune.com| accessdate=2011-06-09}}</ref>

'''Phase III''' updates have not been scheduled until Phase II projects are completed. This phase will include the restoration of Buckingham Fountain and fountain table, the construction of a new equipment room with selective demolition, structural construction and repair, masonry restoration and repair, mechanical and electrical work, bronze restoration and repair and installation of site improvements and amenities.

== In popular culture ==
[[File:Buckinghamfountain3g05158u.jpg|thumb|Buckingham Fountain on a 1939 [[Works Progress Administration]] poster]]
===Entertainment===
Buckingham Fountain was featured in the title sequences of TV shows ''[[Married... with Children]]'' and ''[[Crime Story (TV series)|Crime Story]].<ref name="d360" /> The fountain was the starting point for the television show ''[[The Amazing Race 6]]'' in 2004.<ref name="d360" /> 

The fountain can be seen for a handful of seconds about nine minutes into the 1983 film ''[[National Lampoon's Vacation]]'' as the Griswolds are pulling out of Chicago.

Buckingham Fountain is the starting point for the Cruise Mode in Microsoft's "[[Midtown Madness]]" video game.

It is also shown in the TV show ''[[Shameless (U.S. TV series)|Shameless]]''.

Buckingham Fountain is the location for several pivotal scenes in <i>Never Split Tens!</i>, a novel based on the life of pioneering blackjack probability theorist [[Edward O. Thorp]], by gambling writer Les Golden of Oak Park, Illinois, published in 2017 by Springer.  The novel includes discussions of the design and architecture of the fountain as well as designer Edward Bennett and city planner Daniel Burnham

===Confusion with Route 66===
Buckingham Fountain is often mistaken for the eastern terminus of [[U.S. Route 66]], but in fact it is not. The original eastern terminus was at the intersection of Jackson Boulevard and [[Michigan Avenue (Chicago)|Michigan Avenue]] in downtown [[Chicago]]. In a later alignment, the terminus was moved east two blocks to the intersection of Jackson Drive and [[Lake Shore Drive]] after the latter was designated as [[U.S. Route 41]]. It remained there until the eastern terminus of Interstate 55 was completed at Lake Shore Drive, and then that also became the eastern terminus of Route 66 until I-55 completely replaced the route in Illinois and Route 66 was decommissioned.<ref name="d360">{{cite web| title=Buckingham Fountain| url=http://www.destination360.com/north-america/us/illinois/buckingham-fountain.php| publisher=Destination 360.com| date=| accessdate=2008-09-19 }}</ref>  Nevertheless, many people still associate Buckingham Fountain with the start of Route 66, even though it had not been built yet when the route opened on November 11, 1926 — whereas the [[Fountain of the Great Lakes]] in the South Garden of the [[Art Institute of Chicago]], which has been at that intersection since 1913, actually preceded Route 66 by 13 years and Buckingham Fountain by 14 years.

==See also==
* [[History of fountains in the United States]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [http://webapps.cityofchicago.org/LandmarksWeb/landmarkDetail.do?lanID=1257 Chicago Landmarks: Clarence Buckingham Memorial Fountain and Garden]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.chicagoparkdistrict.com/parks/clarence-f-buckingham-memorial-fountain/ Chicago Park District: Buckingham Fountain]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081025232440/http://www.restorethefountain.com/ Restore Buckingham Fountain]

{{Grant Park}}
{{Chicago Landmark memorials and monuments}}

[[Category:Fountains in Illinois]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Chicago]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1927]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Chicago]]
[[Category:Historic district contributing properties in Illinois]]
[[Category:1927 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago]]